CONTENTS

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

About the Editors

List of Contributors

Preface

Foreword

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Evolution to Net-Zero Energy Buildings

1.2 Scope of this Book

References

Chapter 2: Modeling and Design of Net ZEBs as Integrated Energy Systems

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Renewable Energy Generation Systems/Technologies Integrated in Net ZEBs

References

Chapter 3: Comfort Considerations in Net ZEBs: Theory and Design

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Thermal Comfort

3.3 Daylight and Visual Comfort

3.4 Acoustic Comfort

3.5 Indoor Air Quality

3.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: Net ZEB Design Processes and Tools

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Integrating Modeling Tools in the Net ZEB Design Process

4.3 Net ZEB Design Tools, Model Resolution, and Design Methods

4.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 5: Building Performance Optimization of Net Zero-Energy Buildings

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Optimization Fundamentals

5.3 Application of Optimization: Cost-Optimal and Nearly Zero-Energy Building

5.4 Application of Optimization: A Comfortable Net-Zero Energy House

5.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 6: Load Matching, Grid Interaction, and Advanced Control

6.1 Introduction

6.2 LMGI Indicators

6.3 Strategies for Predictive Control and Load Management

6.4 Development of Models for Controls

6.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Net ZEB Case Studies

7.1 Introduction

7.2 ÉcoTerra

7.3 Leaf House

7.4 NREL RSF

7.5 Enerpos

7.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 8: Conclusion, Research Needs, and Future Directions

8.1 Net ZEB Modeling, Design, and Simulation

8.2 Future Directions and Research Needs

Glossary

Index

EULA

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 2.1

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Table 3.5

Table 3.6

Table 3.7

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Table 7.4

Table 7.5

Table 7.6

Table 7.7

Table 7.8

Table 7.9

Table 7.10

Table 7.11

Table 7.12

Table 7.13

Table 7.14

Table 7.15

Table 7.16

Table 7.17

Table 7.18

Table 7.19

Table 7.20

Table 7.21

Table 7.22

List of Illustrations

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 2.1

Fig. 2.2

Fig. 2.3

Fig. 2.4

Fig. 2.5

Fig. 2.6

Fig. 2.7

Fig. 2.8

Fig. 2.9

Fig. 2.10

Fig. 2.11

Fig. 2.12

Fig. 2.13

Fig. 2.14

Fig. 2.15

Fig. 2.16

Fig. 2.17

Fig. 2.18

Fig. 2.19

Fig. 2.20

Fig. 2.21

Fig. 2.22

Fig. 2.23

Fig. 2.24

Fig. 2.25

Fig. 2.26

Fig. 3.1

Fig. 3.2

Fig. 3.3

Fig. 3.4

Fig. 3.5

Fig. 3.6

Fig. 4.1

Fig. 4.2

Fig. 4.3

Fig. 4.4

Fig. 4.5

Fig. 4.6

Fig. 4.7

Fig. 4.8

Fig. 4.9

Fig. 4.10

Fig. 4.11

Fig. 4.12

Fig. 4.13

Fig. 4.14

Fig. 4.15

Fig. 4.16

Fig. 4.17

Fig. 4.18

Fig. 4.19

Fig. 4.20

Fig. 4.21

Fig. 4.22

Fig. 4.23

Fig. 4.24

Fig. 4.25

Fig. 4.26

Fig. 4.27

Fig. 4.28

Fig. 5.1

Fig. 5.2

Fig. 5.3

Fig. 5.4

Fig. 5.5

Fig. 5.6

Fig. 5.7

Fig. 5.8

Fig. 5.9

Fig. 5.10

Fig. 5.11

Fig. 5.12

Fig. 5.13

Fig. 5.14

Fig. 5.15

Fig. 5.16

Fig. 6.1

Fig. 6.2

Fig. 6.3

Fig. 6.4

Fig. 6.5

Fig. 6.6

Fig. 6.7

Fig. 6.8

Fig. 6.9

Fig. 6.10

Fig. 6.11

Fig. 6.12

Fig. 7.1

Fig. 7.2

Fig. 7.3

Fig. 7.4

Fig. 7.5

Fig. 7.6

Fig. 7.7

Fig. 7.8

Fig. 7.9

Fig. 7.10

Fig. 7.11

Fig. 7.12

Fig. 7.13

Fig. 7.14

Fig. 7.15

Fig. 7.16

Fig. 7.17

Fig. 7.18

Fig. 7.19

Fig. 7.20

Fig. 7.21

Fig. 7.22

Fig. 7.23

Fig. 7.24

Fig. 7.25

Fig. 7.26

Fig. 7.27

Fig. 7.28

Fig. 7.29

Fig. 7.30

Fig. 7.31

Fig. 7.32

Fig. 7.33

Fig. 7.34

Fig. 7.35

Fig. 7.36

Fig. 7.37

Fig. 7.38

Fig. 7.39

Fig. 7.40

Fig. 7.41

Fig. 7.42

Fig. 7.43

Fig. 7.44

Fig. 7.45

Fig. 7.46

Fig. 7.47

Fig. 7.48

Fig. 7.49

Fig. 7.50

Fig. 7.51

Fig. 7.52

Fig. 7.53

Fig. 7.54

Fig. 7.55

Fig. 7.56

Fig. 7.57

Fig. 7.58

Fig. 7.59

Fig. 7.60

Fig. 7.61

Fig. 7.62

Fig. 7.63

Fig. 7.64

Fig. 7.65

Fig. 7.66

Fig. 7.67

Fig. 7.68

Fig. 7.69

Fig. 7.70

Fig. 7.71

Fig. 7.72

Fig. 7.73

Fig. 7.74

Fig. 7.75

Fig. 7.76

Fig. 7.77

Fig. 7.78

Fig. 7.79

Fig. 7.80

Fig. 7.81

Fig. 7.82

Fig. 7.83

Guide

Cover

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Modeling, Design, and Optimization of Net-Zero Energy Buildings

Edited by

Andreas Athienitis

William O'Brien

All books published by Ernst & Sohn are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.

© 2015 Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Verlag für Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG, Rotherstraße 21, 10245 Berlin, Germany

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN: 978-3-433-03083-7

ePDF ISBN: 978-3-433-60463-2

ePub ISBN: 978-3-433-60465-6

Mobi ISBN: 978-3-433-60464-9

oBook ISBN: 978-3-433-60462-5

About the Editors

Dr. Andreas K. Athienitis is a Professor of Building Engineering and holds a Research Chair in Integration of Solar Energy Systems into Buildings and a NSERC/Hydro Quebec Industrial Chair at Concordia University, Montreal. He is the Scientific Director of the Canadian NSERC Smart Net-zero Energy Buildings Strategic Research Network (2011–2016) and the founding Director of the NSERC Solar Buildings Research Network (2005–2010). He was a sub-task co-leader for IEA SHC Task 40/EBC Annex 52 (“Towards Net-Zero Energy Solar Buildings”). He is author of more than 200 refereed papers and several books and book chapters in solar buildings and building energy systems. Prof. Athienitis is a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering and a contributing author of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC).

Dr. William O'Brien is an Assistant Professor in the Architectural Conservation and Sustainability Engineering program at Carleton University, Ottawa. He is the principal investigator of the Human Building Interaction Laboratory, which consists of a multidisciplinary team of researchers that are designing buildings and building controls that incorporate human factors. He has published over 40 peer-reviewed papers. He was a sub-task co-leader for IEA SHC Task 40/EBC Annex 52 (“Towards Net-Zero Energy Solar Buildings”) and now, IEA EBC Annex 66 (“Definition and Simulation of Occupant Behavior in Buildings”).

Production Editor

Samson Yip is a Senior Architect at Saia Barbarese Topouzanov Architects in Montreal specializing in institutional architecture. He is completing a Master of Applied Science (Building Engineering) degree at Concordia University, Montreal, within the Canadian NSERC Smart Net-zero Energy Buildings Strategic Research Network. He was a participant in the IEA SHC Task 40/EBC Annex 52 (“Towards Net-Zero Energy Solar Buildings”). Prior to that, he was an Adjunct Professor at the School of Architecture, McGill University, Montreal.

List of Contributors

Andreas K. Athienitis

Concordia University

1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West

Montreal, QC H3G 1M8

Canada

Shady Attia

Université de Liège

Sustainable Buildings Design Lab

1 Chemin des Chevreuils

Sart Tilman B52/3

4000 Liège

Belgium

Josef Ayoub

CanmetENERGY

Natural Resources Canada

Government of Canada

1615 Lionel-Boulet Blvd.

Varennes, QC J3X 1S6

Canada

Paul Bourdoukan

Sorane France

25 B Quai Jean Baptiste Simon

69270 Fontaines sur Saone

France

Scott Bucking

McMaster University

1280 Main Street West

Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8

Canada

José A. Candanedo

CanmetENERGY

Natural Resources Canada

Government of Canada

1615 Lionel-Boulet Blvd.

Varennes, QC J3X 1S6

Canada

Salvatore Carlucci

NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Høgskoleringen 7A

7491 Trondheim

Norway

Maurizio Cellura

University of Palermo

Viale delle Scienze, Building 9

90128 Palermo

Italy

Yuxiang Chen

Concordia University

1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West

Montreal, QC H3G 1M8

Canada

Véronique Delisle

CanmetENERGY

Natural Resources Canada

Government of Canada

1615 Lionel-Boulet Blvd.

Varennes, QC J3X 1S6

Canada

Francois Garde

University of La Réunion

PIMENT Laboratory

117, rue Général Ailleret

97430 Le Tampon

Reunion Island

France

Francesco Guarino

University of Palermo

Viale delle Scienze, Building 9

90128 Palermo

Italy

Ala Hasan

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

Tekniikantie 4A

02044 Espoo

Finland

Mohamed Hamdy Hassan

Eindhoven University of Technology

Department of the Built Environment, Building Physics and Services

P.O. Box 513

5600 MB Eindhoven

The Netherlands

and

Aalto University School of Engineering

Department of Energy Technology

P.O. Box 14400

FI-00076 Aalto

Finland

Konstantinos Kapsis

Concordia University

1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West

Montreal, QC H3G 1M8

Canada

Aurélie Lenoir

University of Reunion Island

PIMENT Laboratory

117, rue du Général Ailleret

97430 Le Tampon

Reunion Island

France

Davide Nardi Cesarini

Loccioni Group

Via Fiume 16

60030 Angeli di Rosora

Italy

William O'Brien

Carleton University

1125 Colonel By Drive

3432 Mackenzie Building

Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6

Canada

Lorenzo Pagliano

Politecnico di Milano

end-use Efficiency Research Group (eERG)

via Lambruschini, 4

20156 Milano

Italy

Jaume Salom

Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, IREC

Jardins de les Dones de Negre, 1

8930 Sant Adrià de Besòs

Spain

Joakim Widén

Uppsala University

Department of Engineering Sciences

Lagerhyddsvagen 1

75121 Uppsala

Sweden

Samson Yip

Concordia University

Dept. of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering

1455 de Maisonneuve West

EV 6.159

Montréal, QC H3G 1M8

Canada

Preface

Andreas Athienitis and WilliamO' Brien

Just over five years ago, approximately 60 international experts of the International Energy Agency – Solar Heating and Cooling Task 40/Energy in Buildings and Communities (EBC) Annex 52: Towards Net-zero Energy Solar Buildings (“T40A52”) met in Montreal at Concordia University for the first official experts meeting. Many of the experts were in for a surprise as they discovered the diversity of international perspectives on net-zero energy buildings (Net ZEBs) – including definitions, official building standards, business and legal aspects, and design strategies. Over the following five years, the experts traveled to an additional nine meeting destinations and became immersed in the local building design cultures, providing us with a valuable international perspective on Net ZEBs and giving us the pleasure of meeting in several Net ZEBs (several of which were meeting venues and are discussed in depth in this book).

The objective of this book is to present a wide perspective on Net ZEB modeling, design, and related issues, while also providing substantial depth for designers and graduate students. The book was written by a total of 22 authors from seven countries of diverse climates with experts from both industry and academia/research. The book begins with fundamentals of modeling, strategies and technologies required to reach net-zero energy including many methods to quantify performance. As emphasized by T40A52, comfort is a fundamental aspect of Net ZEB and not an afterthought; therefore, a full chapter was devoted to thermal, visual, and acoustic comfort and indoor air quality. The following two chapters are devoted to design, modeling, simulation, and optimization of Net ZEBs with several examples. It was realized early in T40/A52 that research on Net ZEBs must encapsulate interactions with electrical grids since net-zero energy definitions are primarily focused on energy balances; thus, a whole chapter is devoted to this issue. In the second to last chapter, four detailed Net ZEB case studies are described in detail and linked to earlier fundamental chapters, including energy performance, comfort, design intent versus real operation, and lessons learned. Finally, redesign of archetypes based on the case studies are presented.

Andreas Athienitis, Ph. D., P. Eng., FCAE
NSERC/Hydro Quebec Industrial
Chair & Concordia Research Chair
Scientific Director, NSERC Smart Net-zero Energy
Buildings Strategic Research Network &
Director, Concordia Centre for Zero Energy Building Studies
Concordia University, Montreal, Canada

William O'Brien, PhD
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada

Foreword

Josef Ayoub

This book was produced in the context of the collaboration between approximately 75 national experts from 19 nations in Europe, North America, Oceania, and Southeast Asia of the International Energy Agency (IEA), in the framework of the programs on Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC Task 40) and Energy in Buildings and Communities (EBC Annex 52), under the title “Towards Net-Zero Energy Solar Buildings.” T40A52 sought to study current net-zero, near-net-zero and very low energy buildings and to develop a common understanding of a harmonized international definitions framework, tools, innovative solutions, and industry guidelines to support the conversion of the Net ZEB concept from an idea into practical reality in the marketplace.

This Task/Annex pursued optimal integrated design solutions that provided a good indoor environment for both heating and cooling situations. The process recognized the importance of optimizing a design to meet the functional requirement, reducing loads, and designing energy systems that pave the way for seamless incorporation of renewable energy innovations, as they become cost effective. To achieve these results, the National Experts met twice annually at a hosting member country to coordinate the R&D activities and advance the work plan comprised of the following four major activities:

Subtask A dealt with establishing an internationally agreed understanding on Net ZEBs based on a common methodology. This was done by reviewing and analyzing existing Net ZEB definitions and data with respect to the demand and the supply side; studying grid interaction (power/heating/cooling) and time-dependent energy mismatch analysis; developing a harmonized international definition framework for the Net ZEB concepts considering large-scale implications, exergy, and credits for grid interaction (power/heating/cooling); and, developing a monitoring, verification and compliance guide for checking the annual balance in practice (energy, emissions, and costs) harmonized with the definition;

Subtask B aimed to identify and refine design approaches and tools to support industry adoption. This was done by conducting work along four major R&D streams: (i) in documenting and analyzing processes and tools currently being used to design Net ZEBs and under development by participating countries; (ii) assessing gaps, needs, and problems to inform simulation engine and detailed design tool developers of priorities for Net ZEBs; (iii) qualitative and quantitative benchmarking of selected tools; and (iv) selecting four case study buildings to conduct a detailed analysis of simulated/designed vs. actual performance, and proposing the redesign/optimization of these buildings;

Subtask C focused on developing and testing innovative, whole building net-zero solution sets for cold, moderate, and hot climates with exemplary architecture and technologies that would be the basis for demonstration projects and international collaboration. This was achieved by documenting and analyzing current Net ZEBs designs and technologies, benchmarking with near Net ZEBs and other very low energy buildings (new and existing), for cold, moderate, and hot climates considering sustainability, economy, and future prospects using a projects database, literature review, and practitioner input (workshops); developing and assessing case studies and demonstration projects in close cooperation with practitioners; investigating advanced integrated design concepts and technologies in support of the case studies, demonstration projects, and solution sets; and developing Net ZEB solution sets and guidelines with respect to building types and climate, and to document design options in terms of market application;

Subtask D was crosscutting work that focused on dissemination to support knowledge transfer and market adoption of Net ZEBs on a national and international level. This was accomplished by establishing a Net ZEB webpage within the IEA SHC/EBC Programmes' framework and a database that can be expanded and updated with the latest projects and experiences; transferring the outputs (reports, sourcebooks, guidelines, other) to national policy groups, industry associations, utilities, academia, and funding programs; participating in national and international workshop, seminars, and industry exhibitions highlighting the results and activities of the Task/Annex contributing high-quality technical articles and features in journals to stimulate market adoption; and, establishing an education network of highly qualified people that will continue the work in the field for their future endeavors.

I am pleased to present the research results of Subtask B compiled in this volume of work entitled “Modeling, Design, and Optimization of Net-Zero Energy Buildings,” as a major accomplishment in this field of research. Building energy design is currently going through a period of major changes driven largely by three key factors and related technological developments: (i) the increasingly widespread adoption in most OECD member countries and by influential engineering societies, such as ASHRAE, of net-zero energy as a long-term goal for new buildings; (ii) the need to reduce the peak electricity demand for buildings through optimal operation; and (iii) the need to efficiently integrate advanced energy technologies into buildings, such as photovoltaic/thermal systems, windows with semitransparent photovoltaic glazing, controlled shading/daylighting devices, and integrated thermal storage. It encapsulates the many and varied concepts of designing and optimizing net-zero energy buildings by government research organizations, international and regional research centers, academia, and industry. I am confident this book will find many interested readers.

Josef Ayoub
Operating Agent, IEA SHC Task 40/EBC Annex 52
Senior Planning Advisor, Energy Science & Technology
CanmetENERGY | Natural Resources Canada Government of Canada
task40.iea-shc.org/

Acknowledgments

Funding

The Government of Canada provided partial funding for this work under two major programs: the Program of Energy Research and Development (PERD), a federal interdepartmental program operated by the Department of Natural Resources Canada funded the position of the Operating Agent to coordinate the work and lead this international network; and the EcoENERGY Innovation Initiative (EcoEII) aimed at supporting energy technology innovation to produce and use energy in a cleaner and more efficient way, funded the R&D work and participation of the National Experts from Canada in this Task/Annex.

The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) through the NSERC Smart Net-zero Energy Buildings strategic Research Network (SNEBRN) funded related research on Net ZEBs by Andreas Athienitis, Scientific Director of SNEBRN and Professor of Building Engineering at Concordia University, and his students, several of whom contributed to this book and are listed as contributors. Concordia University hosted the first and last meetings of this 5-year Task.

1
Introduction

Andreas Athienitis, William O'Brien, and Josef Ayoub

1.1 Evolution to Net-Zero Energy Buildings

Buildings have evolved over time from largely passive systems into structures with increasingly high levels of environmental control, partly through the addition of man-made insulation materials, such as fiberglass and polystyrene. The adoption of electric lighting in early twentieth century buildings, contributed to a reduction in window areas and reliance on artificial lighting, particularly in the period from 1950 to 1970. But in the 1980s, the development and acceptance of sealed double-glazed windows with an insulating airspace, or insulating windows with special coatings to reduce heat transfer and optimize transmission of solar radiation (Athienitis and Santamouris, 2002), led to the adoption of larger fenestration areas (up to 60% of the façade area) in both the residential and commercial buildings. These large fenestration areas – as much as 90% of the façade area – lead to high heating and cooling energy consumption. Thus, fenestration and daylighting significantly influence the design of commercial buildings. The drivers of the design of residential buildings are shifting from space conditioning to appliances, lighting, and integrated energy systems, as building envelopes and HVAC become more efficient and passive techniques are employed.

Since the early 1990s the potential of solar radiation incident on building surfaces to satisfy all their energy needs has contributed to the idea of net-zero energy buildings gaining widespread acceptance as a technically feasible long-term goal (for most regions). . When the energy production is on-site the Net ZEB definition is most strict.

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