CONTENTS

Cover

Title page

Preface

1 Introduction

1.1 Optomechanical Systems

1.2 Optomechanical Engineering

1.3 Optomechanical Systems Engineering

References

2 Optical Fundamentals

2.1 Geometrical Optics

2.2 Image Quality

Problems

References

3 Optical Fabrication

3.1 Index of Refraction

3.2 Surface Curvature

3.3 Surface Figure

3.4 Surface Finish

3.5 Surface Quality

3.6 Center Thickness

3.7 Wedge

3.8 Clear Aperture

Problems

References

4 Optical Alignment

4.1 Types of Misalignments

4.2 Alignment Requirements

4.3 Correction and Mitigation

4.4 Pointing and Boresighting

Problems

References

5 Structural Design—Mechanical Elements

5.1 Stress, Strain, and Stiffness

5.2 Mechanics

5.3 Beam Stresses and Strains

5.4 Structural Geometries

5.5 Structural Materials

Problems

References

6 Structural Design—Optical Components

6.1 Structural Plates

6.2 Glass Strength

Problems

References

7 Structural Design—Vibrations

7.1 Sinusoidal Vibrations

7.2 Random Vibrations

7.3 Continuous Systems

7.4 Structural Design and Materials Selection

7.5 Vibration Isolation

7.6 Vibration Compensation

Problems

References

8 Thermal Design

8.1 Thermostructural Design

8.2 Thermo-Optic and Stress-Optic Effects

8.3 Heat Transfer

8.4 Thermal Management

8.5 Material Properties and Selection

Problems

References

9 Kinematic Design

9.1 Kinematic and Semi-Kinematic Mounts

9.2 Optical Component Mounts

9.3 Positioning and Alignment Mechanisms

9.4 Material Properties and Selection

Problems

References

10 System Design

10.1 STOP Analysis

10.2 WFE and Zernike Polynomials

10.3 Material Trades

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 02

Table 2.1 Object and Image Sign Conventions Used in Equation 2.2 for Light Propagating from Left to Right

Chapter 03

Table 3.1 Component Prescription for the Lens Shown in Figure 3.4

Table 3.2 Standard, Precision, and High-precision Tolerances Associated with Various Index-of-Refraction Properties for Glasses [2]

Table 3.3 Standard, Precision, and High-precision Tolerances Associated with Surface Properties [2, 13]

Table 3.4 Standard, Precision, and High-precision Tolerances Associated with Geometrical Fabrication Properties for Standard-size Optics [2, 13]

Table 3.5 Typical Tolerances Available from a Vendor for Commercial, Precision, and High-precision Fabrication Quality

Chapter 04

Table 4.1 The Tolerancing of Various Machined Features Determines the Tilt, Decenter, and Despace

Table 4.2 Alignment Requirements and Tolerances for Various Optical Components. The Tolerances Shown Generally Apply to Image Quality and LOS Pointing; However, LOS Pointing is Relatively Insensitive to Lens and Window Tilt

Chapter 05

Table 5.1 Mechanical Properties of Typical Structural Materials

Chapter 06

Table 6.1 Fracture Toughness KIC of Commonly Used Brittle Materials

Table 6.2 Probability of Failure at σ = 6.9 MPa (1000 psi) Using Equation 6.10 for Common Optical Materials

Table 6.3 Acid Etching Flaws from a Surface of N-BK7 Increases σo and Decreases m

Table 6.4 Mechanical Properties of Typical Brittle Materials Used in Optical Systems, including Mirror Substrates and Refractives. Note that a value for Fracture Strength is not Listed

Chapter 07

Table 7.1 The Resolution or Detail Size of Common Applications Determines the Requirements on the Vibration-control System

Table 7.2 Common Industrial Sources of Vibration and their Associated Frequencies and Amplitudes

Chapter 08

Table 8.1 CTE αt, Thermal Conductivity k, Thermal Distortion αt/k, and Transient Thermal Distortion αt/D for Various Materials Measured at Room Temperature; the CTE is an Average Value Measured Over a Temperature Range of −30°C to +70°C

Table 8.2 CTE Inhomogeneities within a Material can Determine Thermal Distortions and Wavefront Error

Table 8.3 The Change in Index with Temperature (Δn/ΔT) Depends on Both Temperature and Wavelength

Table 8.4 Relative Change in Index with Temperature (dnrel/dT) for Various Refractive Materials Measured in Air Over the Temperature Range 20–40°C at the Wavelengths Indicated [11]

Table 8.5 Thermal property data for a variety of optical and mechanical materials

Table 8.6 The Thermal shock parameter Sʹ depends on the ratio k/αtE

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 First-order advantages and disadvantages of common structural materials, including mirrors and mirror substrates

Table 10.2 Comparison of mechanical properties of SCHOTT’s SF57 and N-SF57 materials

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Figure 1.1 A complex optical system such as a swept-field confocal microscope requires a large number of optomechanical components packaged into a small volume.

Figure 1.2 Optical electromagnetic wavelengths (“light”) can be divided into infrared, visible, and ultraviolet bands.

Figure 1.3 The transition from laboratory to marketplace is critically dependent on the skills of the optomechanical engineers.

Figure 1.4 An example illustrating the steps required to move from an optical design prescription to a complete optomechanical design.

Figure 1.5 A complex optomechanical system requires the coordination of many different disciplines and technologies.

Figure 1.6 Engineering errors at the beginning of a program propagate to create huge budget (and schedule) overruns if not corrected early on.

Figure 1.7 In (a), a lens design with an external lens, curved window, and field flattener is extremely difficult to align. In (b), all lenses are combined into a compact mount to ease alignment, assembly, and test.

Figure 1.8 Optomechanical engineers must be involved at both the system architecture (top left) and detail design (middle left) phases of product development.

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