CONTENTS

Cover

Essentials of Psychological Assessment Series

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Series Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter One: Overview

Historical Foundations of Early Childhood Assessment

Historical Foundations of the WPPSI-IV

Development of the WPPSI-IV

Validity

Standardization and Psychometric Properties

Comprehensive Test References

References

Chapter Two: WPPSI-IV Administration

Test Materials

Physical Environment

Establishing and Maintaining Rapport with Very Young Children

Standard Subtest Administration Order

Selection of Subtests

Suitability and Fairness

Start Points, Reverse Rules, and Discontinue Rules

Timing

Demonstration, Sample, and Teaching Items

Repetitions, Prompts, and Queries

Recording Responses

Subtest-By-Subtest Administration

Frequently Asked Questions: Subtest Administration

References

Chapter Three: WPPSI-IV Scoring

Scoring Subtests

WPPSI-IV Scores

Step-by-Step: WPPSI-IV Subtest and Composite Scores

Using the WPPSI-IV Scoring Assistant

Frequently Asked Questions: Scoring

References

Chapter Four: WPPSI-IV Score Analysis and Interpretation

Understanding the Composite Scores

Step-By-Step WPPSI-IV Score Analysis to Inform Interpretation

References

Chapter Five: Strengths and Weaknesses of the WPPSI-IV

Assets of the WPPSI-IV

Weaknesses

Final Comment

References

Chapter Six: WPPSI-IV Score Differences Across Demographic Groups

Introduction

Scores by Sex

Scores by Parent Education Level

Scores by Race/Ethnicity

Summary of Findings

Clinical Applications of Score Differences

References

Chapter Seven: WPPSI-IV Clinical Applications

Use of the WPPSI-IV with Common Early Childhood Referral Questions

Comparisons of the General Ability Index to the Full Scale IQ and the Cognitive Proficiency Index for the Special Group Samples

Comparison of the Working Memory Index to the Processing Speed Index for the Special Group Samples

Clinical Samples with Relatively High or Low Scores on the Processing Speed Index

Issues in Early Childhood Intellectual Assessment

References

Chapter Eight: Illustrative Case Reports

Case Report: George R.—Intellectual Giftedness and High Achievement

Case Report: Jane B.—Preliteracy Concerns

References

About the CD-ROM

To download CD material

Author Index

Subject Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Table 2.4

Table 2.5

Table 2.6

Table 2.7

Table 2.8

Table 2.9

Table 2.10

Table 2.11

Table 2.12

Table 2.13

Table 2.14

Table 2.15

Table 2.16

Table 2.17

Table 2.18

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Table 6.4

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 8.3

Table 8.4

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Series Preface

Chapter 1

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Essentials of Psychological Assessment Series

Series Editors, Alan S. Kaufman and Nadeen L. Kaufman

Essentials of 16 PF® Assessment

by Heather E.-P. Cattell and James M. Schuerger

Essentials of ADHD Assessment for Children and Adolescents

by Elizabeth P. Sparrow and Drew Erhardt

Essentials of Assessment Report Writing

by Elizabeth O. Lichtenberger, Nancy Mather, Nadeen L. Kaufman, and Alan S. Kaufman

Essentials of Assessment with Brief Intelligence Tests

by Susan R. Homack and Cecil R. Reynolds

Essentials of Autism Spectrum Disorders Evaluation and Assessment

by Celine A. Saulnier and Pamela E. Ventola

Essentials of Bayley Scales of Infant Development–II Assessment

by Maureen M. Black and Kathleen Matula

Essentials of Behavioral Assessment

by Michael C. Ramsay, Cecil R. Reynolds, and R. W. Kamphaus

Essentials of Career Interest Assessment

by Jeffrey P. Prince and Lisa J. Heiser

Essentials of CAS Assessment

by Jack A. Naglieri

Essentials of Cognitive Assessment with KAIT and Other Kaufman Measures

by Elizabeth O. Lichtenberger, Debra Broadbooks, and Alan S. Kaufman

Essentials of Conners Behavior Assessments™

by Elizabeth P. Sparrow

Essentials of Creativity Assessment

by James C. Kaufman, Jonathan A. Plucker, and John Baer

Essentials of Cross-Battery Assessment, Third Edition

by Dawn P. Flanagan, Samuel O. Ortiz, and Vincent C. Alfonso

Essentials of DAS-II® Assessment

by Ron Dumont, John O. Willis, and Colin D. Elliot

Essentials of Dyslexia Assessment and Intervention

by Nancy Mather and Barbara J. Wendling

Essentials of Evidence-Based Academic Interventions

by Barbara J. Wendling and Nancy Mather

Essentials of Executive Functions Assessment

by George McCloskey and Lisa A. Perkins

Essentials of Forensic Psychological Assessment, Second Edition

by Marc J. Ackerman

Essentials of IDEA for Assessment Professionals

by Guy McBride, Ron Dumont, and John O. Willis

Essentials of Individual Achievement Assessment

by Douglas K. Smith

Essentials of KABC-II Assessment

by Alan S. Kaufman, Elizabeth O. Lichtenberger, Elaine Fletcher-Janzen, and Nadeen L. Kaufman

Essentials of Millon™ Inventories Assessment, Third Edition

by Stephen Strack

Essentials of MMPI-A™ Assessment

by Robert P. Archer and Radhika Krishnamurthy

Essentials of MMPI-2® Assessment, Second Edition

by David S. Nichols

Essentials of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® Assessment, Second Edition

by Naomi Quenk

Essentials of NEPSY®-II Assessment

by Sally L. Kemp and Marit Korkman

Essentials of Neuropsychological Assessment, Second Edition

by Nancy Hebben and William Milberg

Essentials of Nonverbal Assessment

by Steve McCallum, Bruce Bracken, and John Wasserman

Essentials of PAI® Assessment

by Leslie C. Morey

Essentials of Planning, Selecting, and Tailoring Interventions for Unique Learners

edited by Jennifer T. Mascolo, Dawn P. Flanagan, and Vincent C. Alfonso

Essentials of Processing Assessment, Second Edition

by Milton J. Dehn

Essentials of Response to Intervention

by Amanda M. VanDerHeyden and Matthew K. Burns

Essentials of Rorschach® Assessment

by Tara Rose, Nancy Kaser-Boyd, and Michael P. Maloney

Essentials of School Neuropsychological Assessment, Second Edition

by Daniel C. Miller

Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification

by Dawn Flanagan and Vincent C. Alfonso

Essentials of Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB5) Assessment

by Gale H. Roid and R. Andrew Barram

Essentials of TAT and Other Storytelling Assessments, Second Edition

by Hedwig Teglasi

Essentials of Temperament Assessment

by Diana Joyce

Essentials of WAIS®-IV Assessment, Second Edition

by Elizabeth O. Lichtenberger and Alan S. Kaufman

Essentials of WIAT®-III and KTEA-II Assessment

by Elizabeth O. Lichtenberger and Kristina C. Breaux

Essentials of WISC®-IV Assessment, Second Edition

by Dawn P. Flanagan and Alan S. Kaufman

Essentials of WJ III™ Cognitive Abilities Assessment, Second Edition

by Fredrick A. Schrank, Daniel C. Miller, Barbara J. Wendling, and Richard W. Woodcock

Essentials of WJ III™ Tests of Achievement Assessment

by Nancy Mather, Barbara J. Wendling, and Richard W. Woodcock

Essentials of WMS®-IV Assessment

by Lisa Whipple Drozdick, James A. Holdnack, and Robin C. Hilsabeck

Essentials of WNV™ Assessment

by Kimberly A. Brunnert, Jack A. Naglieri, and Steven T. Hardy-Braz

Essentials of WPPSI™-IV Assessment

by Susan Engi Raiford and Diane Coalson

Essentials of WRAML2 and TOMAL-2 Assessment

by Wayne Adams and Cecil R. Reynolds

Essentials of WPPSI™-IV Assessment

Susan Engi Raiford

Diane L. Coalson

Cover image: © Greg Kuchik/Getty Images

Cover design: Wiley

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Copyright © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Raiford, Susan Engi.

Essentials of WPPSI-IV assessment / Susan Engi Raiford, Diane L. Coalson.

pages cm.—(Essentials of psychological assessment)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-118-38062-8 (pbk.)

ISBN 978-1-118-70540-7 (ebk.)

ISBN 978-1-118-86981-9 (ebk.)

1. Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. 2. Children—Intelligence testing. 3. Child development—Testing. I. Coalson, Diane L. II. Title.

BF432.5.W424R35 2014

155.42'3393—dc

232014002696

Dedication

To my loving husband, Robert James Raiford—my rock:
I could easily list you as a contributor to this book.

To my bright, sweet son, George Dennis Raiford—my pride and joy: Thank you for your understanding and patience while Mommy was working.—S. E. R.

To my parents, Jacqueline J. Coalson and Robert E. Coalson, for teaching me the
true value of education and for their self-sacrificing support of my efforts to obtain one.
To my husband, David A. Shafer, for marrying me, despite full knowledge
of my work habits and numerous quirks. Your love and encouragement
make the impossible possible.—D. L. C.

Acknowledgments

We are indebted to a number of individuals upon completion of this book. We wish to acknowledge those who provided book content first and foremost. Drs. Ron Dumont and John Willis authored Chapter 5, which reviews the pros and cons of the WPPSI-IV. We appreciate their objective evaluation, which will be helpful to readers in evaluation of the test. We are grateful to Mark Engi for his expert advice about the psychometric analyses performed in Chapter 6, which reviews the demographic group differences in WPPSI-IV scores. We appreciate Dr. Kristina Breaux and Cliff Wigtil for their clinical acumen in the areas of learning disabilities and intellectual giftedness, respectively, and for coauthoring the illustrative case reports in Chapter 8. We thank Stephanie Tong, Erik Gallemore, and Kathleen Rollins for providing the Test Yourself questions for seven of the eight chapters. We are thankful to Dr. Ou Zhang, who developed the norms for the seven additional composite scores that appear on the CD and in the WPPSI-IV Interpretive Assistant 1.0, and for Dr. J. J. Zhu, who reviewed and confirmed the quality of his work. We are grateful to Dr. Tommie Cayton for reading and commenting on all content, and for his encouragement of our professional development.

We wish to acknowledge the support of some outstanding colleagues at Pearson, without whom this book would not have been possible. We thank William Schryver, senior licensing specialist at Pearson, for his speedy, expert handling of the numerous permissions requests we submitted. We are grateful to Paula Oles, director of Q-global at Pearson, and Tiffany Jen, UX intern at Pearson, for providing us with high-quality art that illustrates use of the WPPSI-IV Scoring Assistant on Q-global. We are also appreciative of Dr. Larry Weiss, vice president of test development at Pearson, for approving our use of the WPPSI-IV final data.

We are also grateful to the outstanding professionals at John Wiley & Sons who were instrumental in this book's completion. We appreciate Marquita Flemming for her review of the initial proposal and support of it to the board at Wiley, and her support of us as we strove to complete the manuscript. We are grateful to our editorial program coordinator, Sherry Wasserman, who deserves recognition for her expertise and guidance in manuscript preparation. We greatly appreciate Tom Caruso for serving as production editor, and we thank the team at Cape Cod Compositors for their excellent copyediting services.

On a personal note, we wish to thank our loving spouses Robert Raiford and David Shafer for carrying the responsibilities of family and home so that we could be free to write. We are especially grateful to Robert for the many evenings and weekends he cared for their son, George, so Susie could work on the book. Most importantly, we are indebted to Drs. Alan and Nadeen Kaufman for agreeing to give us an opportunity to write our very own book about the WPPSI-IV and for providing guidance, review, and encouragement throughout the process. We appreciate them for creating the Essentials series and for their collective, groundbreaking work on the Intelligent Testing With the WISC-R and Intelligent Testing With the WISC-III books, and on numerous Essentials volumes (with Elizabeth Lichtenberger and Dawn Flanagan) on the Wechsler intelligence scales. Finally, we wish to thank Dr. David Wechsler. We hope that he would be proud of our work on the WPPSI-IV, and of this book.

Susan Engi Raiford and
Diane L. Coalson

Series Preface

In the Essentials of Psychological Assessment series, we have attempted to provide the reader with books that will deliver key practical information in the most efficient and accessible style. The series features instruments in a variety of domains, such as cognition, personality, education, and neuropsychology. For the experienced clinician, books in the series offer a concise yet thorough way to master utilization of the continuously evolving supply of new and revised instruments, as well as a convenient method for keeping up-to-date on the tried-and-true measures. The novice will find here a prioritized assembly of all the information and techniques that must be at one's fingertips to begin the complicated process of individual psychological diagnosis.

Wherever feasible, visual shortcuts to highlight key points are utilized alongside systematic, step-by-step guidelines. Chapters are focused and succinct. Topics are targeted for an easy understanding of the essentials of administration, scoring, interpretation, and clinical application. Theory and research are continually woven into the fabric of each book, but always to enhance clinical inference, never to sidetrack or overwhelm. We have long been advocates of “intelligent” testing—the notion that a profile of test scores is meaningless unless it is brought to life by the clinical observations and astute detective work of knowledgeable examiners. Test profiles must be used to make a difference in the child's or adult's life, or why bother to test? We want this series to help our readers become the best intelligent testers they can be.

In Essentials of WPPSI-IV Assessment, Susie Engi Raiford and Diane L. Coalson—the WPPSI-IV research directors—offer an insider's perspective on the scale's conceptualization, development, administration, and scoring. New Behind the Scenes boxes are incorporated to provide unprecedented insight into the new subtests and the test development process.

Anyone who assesses young children is well familiar with the inherent challenges of obtaining accurate and adequate test data for this challenging population. The authors, who have rich clinical as well as research experience, apply an interpretive approach that is flexible to the real constraints and challenges that practitioners encounter when testing younger children. The approach describes performance in both normative and intrapersonal contexts and facilitates interpretive case formulations from multiple theoretical and clinical perspectives. In addition to coverage of the published composite scores, several additional composite scores aimed at facilitating WPPSI-IV interpretation from a variety of theoretical approaches are supplied; these extra composite scores are especially valuable in those situations where the published comparison scores may not be available or appropriate for a specific child.

The companion CD-ROM automates the basic interpretive approach that is described in Chapter 4 of this book using software that automates derivation and analysis of these newly developed scores. Tools are also supplied in the CD-ROM to enhance WPPSI-IV administration and report writing.

We are excited to add Essentials of WPPSI-IV Assessment to our book series. Of special value is the fact that Drs. Raiford and Coalson are Wechsler experts across the entire age range; they were also research directors for the development and standardization of the WAIS-IV and are currently serving that same key function for the WISC-V.

Alan S. Kaufman, PhD, and Nadeen L. Kaufman, EdD, Series Editors
Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine

One
Overview

The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV; Wechsler, 2012) continues the progressive trend of recent Wechsler intelligence scale revisions that mirror contemporary advances in intelligence theory, neuropsychology, cognitive neuroscience, and psychometric methodology. Major modifications have been made to both the content and structure to reflect these advances. Primary index scores provide reliable and valid estimates of ability in several distinct but related areas of cognitive functioning, including verbal comprehension, visual-spatial ability, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. A Full Scale IQ score also is available to represent the child's overall level of ability across these cognitive domains. A number of new, ancillary index scores (e.g., Vocabulary Acquisition Index, Nonverbal Index) are available to represent vocabulary acquisition, global intellectual ability, and cognitive proficiency in more specific clinical situations, such as referrals for suspected language delays, preliteracy concerns, school readiness, or evaluations of children who may have limited levels of English language fluency.

WPPSI-IV scores can be interpreted from both a normative and an intrapersonal perspective. They most often are used from a normative perspective; that is, to describe a child's cognitive ability by comparing the child's scores to those obtained by children of approximately the same age (i.e., comparison to a normative reference group). A child's intrapersonal pattern of cognitive strengths and weaknesses can be evaluated by comparing scores to an overall indicator of performance, or to one another. The score comparison approach has been reorganized and expanded for the WPPSI-IV, with increased comparison score options (e.g., the mean primary index score, the Full Scale IQ, the mean scaled score for the primary index subtests). When combined with the availability of numerous theoretically and practically based index scores (termed index scores in the published test), the WPPSI-IV interpretive approach allows a thorough evaluation of a child's pattern of cognitive strengths and weaknesses that can be tailored to the unique clinical situation each child presents.

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!