Table of Contents

Series page

Title page

Copyright page

Contributors

Preface

Introduction

PART I: Engineering Bio-inspired Material Microenvironments

CHAPTER 1: ECM-Inspired Chemical Cues: Biomimetic Molecules and Techniques of Immobilization

1.1    Introduction

1.2    Development and Immobilization of Biomimetic Cues in 3-D Biomaterials

1.3    Spatial Orientation and Dynamic Display

1.4    Future Perspectives

References

CHAPTER 2: Dynamic Materials Mimic Developmental and Disease Changes in Tissues

2.1    Introduction

2.2    Cell Scaffolds, Their Intrinsic Properties, and Their Effects on Cells

2.3    ECM is a Dynamic Tissue

2.4    Dynamic Scaffolds

2.5    Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 3: The Role of Mechanical Cues in Regulating Cellular Activities and Guiding Tissue Development

3.1    Introduction

3.2    Mechanotransduction

3.3    Mechanotransduction from Cytoplasm to Nucleus

3.4    Role of Mechanical Cues in Developmental Biology

3.5    Applications of Mechanical Stimulation in Regenerative Medicine

3.6    Summary

References

CHAPTER 4: Contribution of Physical Forces on the Design of Biomimetic Tissue Substitutes

4.1    Introduction

4.2    Physical Forces

4.3    Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 5: Cellular Responses to Bio-Inspired Engineered Topography

5.1    Introduction

5.2    Definition of Engineered Topography

5.3    Surface Fabrication Techniques

5.4    Cellular Responses to 2-D Engineered Topographies

5.5    Cellular Responses to Dynamic, Engineered 2-D Topographies

5.6    Conclusions and Future Directions

References

CHAPTER 6: Engineering the Mechanical and Growth Factor Signaling Roles of Fibronectin Fibrils

6.1    Introduction

6.2    Structure of Fibronectin

6.3    Assembly of Fibronectin Fibrils

6.4    Mechanics of Fibronectin Fibrils

6.5    Role of Fibronectin Fibrils in Cell Attachment

6.6    Role of Fibronectin Fibrils in Growth Factor Signaling

6.7    Cell-Free Mechanisms of Fibril Formation

6.8    Cell-Derived Fibronectin Matrices

6.9    Use of Fibronectin in Tissue Engineering Applications

6.10    Conclusions

References

CHAPTER 7: Biologic Scaffolds Composed of Extracellular Matrix as a Natural Material for Wound Healing

7.1    Introduction

7.2    Products and Clinical Use of ECM

7.3    Mechanisms of ECM Remodeling

7.4    Summary

References

CHAPTER 8: Bio-Inspired Integration of Natural Materials

8.1    Introduction

8.2    Naturally Derived Materials

8.3    Conclusions

References

PART II: Bio-Inspired Tissue Engineering

CHAPTER 9: Bio-Inspired Design of Skin Replacement Therapies

9.1    Introduction

9.2    Bio-Inspiration of Skin Replacement Therapy

9.3    Biomimetic Solutions

9.4    Discussion

References

CHAPTER 10: Epithelial Engineering: From Sheets to Branched Tubes

10.1    Introduction

10.2    Inspiration from the Biology of Epithelial Morphogenesis

10.3    Engineering Approaches to Mimic Epithelial Morphogenesis

10.4    Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 11: A Biomimetic Approach toward the Fabrication of Epithelial-like Tissue

11.1    Introduction

11.2    Skin ECM and Its Function

11.3    Skin Tissue Engineering and Scaffold Design

11.4    Biomimetic Approach toward the Formation of Epithelial-Like Tissue Using Electrospun Nanofibers

11.5    Future Perspective and Challenge

11.6    Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 12: Nano- and Microstructured ECM and Biomimetic Scaffolds for Cardiac Tissue Engineering

12.1    Introduction

12.2    Structure and Function of the Myocardium

12.3    Bio-inspired Design Requirements of Cardiac Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

12.4    Approaches to Fabricating ECM Biomimetic Scaffolds

12.5    Persistent Challenges

12.6    The Future of Cardiac Tissue Engineering

References

CHAPTER 13: Strategies and Challenges for Bio-inspired Cardiovascular Biomaterials

13.1    Need for Cardiovascular Biomaterials

13.2    Structure Equals Function: Focus on Strategies that Introduce Hierarchical Organization

13.3    Tissue Engineering Approaches to Cardiovascular Biomaterials

13.4    Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineering: 3-D Tissues Without Exogenous Material Complications

13.5    Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 14: Evaluation of Bio-inspired Materials for Mineralized Tissue Regeneration Using Type I Collagen Reporter Cells

14.1    Introduction

14.2    Collagen 1 Promoter/GFP Reporter Technology

14.3    Primary Cell Harvest and Image Analysis of the Collagen Reporter Cells from Transgenic Mice

14.4    Type I Collagen/GFP Reporter System with Human Cells

14.5    Evaluation of Biomimetic cHA Thin Films by Collagen/GFP Reporter Cells

14.6    Evaluation of Fibrillar Collagen Thin Films by Primary Type I Collagen/GFP Reporter Cells

14.7    In vivo Use of Type I Collagen/GFP Reporter Mice to Screen Biomimetic Collagen/Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds

14.8    Conclusions and Future Directions

References

CHAPTER 15: Learning from Tissue Equivalents: Biomechanics and Mechanobiology

15.1    Introduction

15.2    Background

15.3    Prior Experiments

15.4    Prior Mechanical Analyses

15.5    Growth and Remodeling (G&R) Models

15.6    Summary

References

CHAPTER 16: Mimicking the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche by Biomaterials

16.1    Introduction

16.2    Concepts of HSC Niches

16.3    Biomaterial Approaches to Create Biomimetic HSC Niches

16.4    HSC Control Ex Vivo: From HSC Expansion to Biomimetic Niches

16.5    Outlook

References

CHAPTER 17: Engineering Immune Responses to Allografts

17.1    Introduction

17.2    Engineering Strategies forImmune Acceptance

17.3    Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 18: Immunomimetic Materials

18.1    Introduction

18.2    Surface Motifs

18.3    Morphogenic Factor-Related Materials

18.4    Stimuli-Responsive Materials

18.5    Self-Assembly Motifs

18.6    Conclusions and Outlook

References

Supplemental Images

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 1.1    Biomimetic Peptides of Common ECM Proteins and Methods of Immobilization

Table 1.2    Growth Factors Immobilized to Hydrogels Through Bio-Orthogonal Partner Binding

Table 5.1    Process Conditions Used to Etch Patterned Silicon Wafers

Table 5.2    Process Conditions Used for Oxygen Plasma Etch

Table 7.1    Clinically Available Products Composed of Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Table 8.1    Biomaterials Used in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Approaches Derived from Different Natural Sources

Table 11.1    Synthetic and Natural Polymers for Electrospun Nanofibers for Skin Grafts

Table 13.1    Some Design and Remodeling Parameters to Consider before and after Implantation [39,63,73,76]

Table 13.2    Overview of Biomaterials Used for Scaffolding Structures for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering (Adapted from References 63, 76, 93, and 200)

Table 15.1    Summary of Prior Observations from Tissue Equivalent Experiments

Table 17.1    Immunomodulatory Paracrine Factors Released by MSCs

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1    The complex 3-D cellular environment provides mechanical and biochemical signals that guide cell function. The components of the ECM dictate the stiffness of matrix and the types of cell–matrix interactions. The matrix composition determines the ease with which nutrients diffuse through tissues and the ability with which cells migrate through the matrix. Nonstructural factors such as cell density, cell–cell interactions, and bound or secreted signaling proteins are important in guiding cell differentiation and function. (Reproduced with permission from Owen, S.C., Shoichet, M.S. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research A 2011, 94A(4). Copyright 2013 Wiley Periodicals Inc.)

Figure 1.2    Typical orthogonal chemical reactions enable biomaterials to be synthesized with defined chemical and physical properties. Shown are a series of orthogonal click reactions which form covalent, irreversible (left panel) [27, 65, 79, 101–106] to near-covalent (middle panel) [63, 65, 107] to reversible (right panel) [52, 69, 70, 108, 109] bonds. For peptide or protein immobilization, this approach results in biomaterials that promote specific cellular responses, such as adhesion, proliferation, migration, and/or differentiation, depending on the biomolecule immobilized.

Figure 1.3    3-D photopatterning of EGF within a hyaluronic acid–PEG hydrogel. (A) Creation of a linear immobilized gradient of EGF. From the top of the hydrogel, the number of scans by the multiphoton laser are increased as it penetrates into the sample, corresponding to an increase in fluorescence intensity, and hence, an increase in protein immobilization. (B) The concentration of immobilized protein in the gradient was quantified by fluorescence intensity, showing a change in concentration from 25 nM at the top of the hydrogel to 250 nM at a depth of 150 μm in the hydrogel. EGF, epidermal growth factor. (Reproduced with permission from Owen, S.C., Fisher, S.A., Tam, R.Y., Nimmo, C.M., Shoichet, M.S. . Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society.)

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