Table of Contents

Author Biographies

Introduction

PART 1. SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS, CONCEPTS AND PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATIONS

Chapter 1. Systems of Systems: From Concept to Actual Development

1.1. Network omnipresence creating a worldwide environment

1.2. Increasing complexity of the environment

1.3. Towards a definition of the concept of system of systems

1.4. Control of the system of systems

1.5. Tools for the control of the system of systems

1.6. The need for standardization

1.7. The human factor in systems of systems

1.8. Budgetary aspects of the systems of systems

1.9. The need for governance

1.10. Conclusion

1.11. Appendix: system of systems' definitions in literature

1.12. Bibliography

Chapter 2. Emergence and Complexity of Systems of Systems

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Matter and shape

2.3. Systems

2.4. Genesis of concrete systems

2.5. Complexity of systems of systems

2.6. Systems of systems engineering

2.7. Conclusion

2.8. Bibliography

Chapter 3. Contractual Aspects of the Acquisition and Use of Systems of Systems

3.1. Introduction

3.2. An integrated set of components of various natures

3.3. Combining people with diversified skills and their contributions

3.4. Commitments to coordinate

3.5. Ownership rights

3.6. The most adapted legal strategies

3.7. Conclusion

Chapter 4. The Human Factor within the Context of Systems of Systems

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Definition and epistemological aspects

4.3. The issue

4.4. Current human factors in systems engineering

4.5. The organizations' complexity from the standpoint of social sciences: impacts on the systems of systems

4.6. Social sciences implemented within the context of systems of systems

4.7. Recognizable good practices in the field of organizations

4.8. Conclusion

4.9. Acknowledgments

4.10. Bibliography

Chapter 5. Space Communication and Observation System of Systems

5.1. The dual context of omnipresent information and the commoditization of space

5.2. The technical view: an interconnection of ground-based and space-borne systems

5.3. Search for functionality and capacity

5.4. A logic of exchange on an international scale

5.5. Conclusion

5.6. Bibliography

Chapter 6. Intelligent Transport Systems

6.1. The field of intelligent transport

6.2. ACTIF

6.3. Practical application

6.4. Conclusion

6.5. Bibliography

Chapter 7. Systems of Systems in the Healthcare Field

7.1. Introduction

7.2. From capability challenges to the design of systems of systems

7.3. Personal service, the main characteristic of systems within the healthcare field

7.4. Coordination of the medical and paramedical agents, in hospitals and in private practices

7.5. The development of information technologies and their interoperability, heart of the healthcare networks issue

7.6. Difficulties encountered

7.7. Conclusion

7.8. Acknowledgments

7.9. Bibliography

Chapter 8. Critical Infrastructure Protection

8.1. General context of critical infrastructure protection

8.2. Protection requirements

8.3. Security systems of the future

8.4. The human factor

8.5. Conclusion

Chapter 9. Globalization and Systemic Impacts

9.1. Introduction

9.2. System of systems “globalization”

9.3. Beyond the concepts of systems

9.4. Globalization's impact on systems of systems engineering

9.5. Conclusion

9.6. Appendix: a summary of the properties of nonlinear dynamic systems

9.7. Bibliography

PART 2. SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING, METHODS, STANDARDS AND TOOLS

Chapter 10. Methods and Tools for Systems of Systems Engineering

10.1. Systems of systems engineering: from the control of complexity to the necessity of a model-driven approach

10.2. Architecture

10.3. From architecture to detailed design: reference architectures

10.4. Requirement traceability and engineering tools

10.5. Reverse engineering and impact studies

10.6. Distributed simulation tools for model engineering

10.7. Global control of operational security via testability

10.8. Towards a virtuous circle of simulation-tests to control the tests

10.9. Collaborative work tools

10.10. Conclusion

10.11. Acknowledgements

10.12. Bibliography

Chapter 11. Model-driven Design and Simulation

11.1. General points

11.2. A few definitions

11.3. Model-driven engineering

11.4. Feedback

11.5. Conclusion and perspectives

11.6. Bibliography

Chapter 12. Standardization in the Field of Systems and Systems of Systems Engineering

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Example of the importance of standards in the interoperability of systems and systems of systems

12.3. Standards used in the field of systems and systems of systems

12.4. Application and adaptation of system engineering standards in the context of systems of systems

12.5. Implementation of standards in the context of systems of systems

12.6. Conclusion

12.7. Acknowledgements

12.8. Appendix A. Standard relative to business process modeling

12.9. Appendix B. Standard relative to the Web services business process execution language

12.10. Appendix C. Ontology definition metamodel specification

12.11. Appendix D. UML profile for DoDAF/MODAF (USA Department of Defense and UK Ministry of Defense Architecture Framework)

12.12. Appendix E. Standard relative to software-intensive systems architecture

12.13. Appendix F. Unified modeling language

12.14. Appendix G. Systems modeling language

12.15. Appendix H. Good practices of IT service management, ITIL

12.16. Appendix I. Standard relative to IT services management

12.17. Appendix J. Software engineering – Product quality

12.18. Appendix J.1. Standard ISO 9126, part 1, quality model

12.19. Appendix J.2. Standard ISO 9126, part 3, internal metrics

12.20. Appendix K. Standard on software product quality requirements and evaluation

12.21. Appendix L. Standard on the common criteria for IT security evaluation

12.22. Appendix M. Standard relative to a system's life cycle process

12.23. Appendix N. Standard relative to the processes for engineering a system

12.24. Appendix O. Standard for the application and management of the systems engineering process

12.25. Appendix P. Standard relative to software life cycle processes

12.26. Appendix Q. Standard relative to software measurement process

12.27. Appendix R. Standard relative to software product evaluation

12.28. Appendix S. Standard on systems engineering, product and design data exchange

12.29. Appendix T. Standard on the exchange of product model data, products life cycle support

12.30. Bibliography

Conclusion

List of Authors

Index

First published 2008 in France by Hermes Science/Lavoisier in two volumes entitled: Systèmes de systèmes : concepts et illustrations pratiques and Ingénierie des systèmes de systèmes: méthodes et outils © LAVOISIER 2008
First published 2010 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

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© ISTE Ltd 2010

The rights of Dominique Luzeaux and Jean-René Ruault to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Systèmes de systèmes. English
Systems of systems / edited by Dominique Luzeaux, Jean-René Ruault.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84821-164-3
1. Systems engineering. I. Luzeaux, Dominique. II. Ruault, Jean-René. III. Title.
TA168.S887813 2010
620.001'171--dc22

2009044182

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-84821-164-3

Author Biographies

Michel CHAVRET

Engineer in automatisms and informatics, Michel Chavret has dedicated most of his career to the design of systems in the field of transport, with a few years spent developing complex systems for industry and the army. Since 2000, when the SETEC ITS society was created, he has directed Lyon’s agency. He was a project director in the ACTIF project, keystone of modeling and design of systems of systems in France in the field of intelligent transport systems.

Lui KAM

Lui Kam graduated from the Ecole nationale supérieure des ingénieurs des études et techniques d’armement (ENSIETA) in 1996, from Paris XI University with a doctorate in electronics in 2000, and from the London Business School with a Master of Business Administration in 2007. During his 11-year-long career in the Délégation Générale de l’Armement (DGA), his fields of expertise covered the signal and image processing, the methods, tools and standards used in modeling and simulation, as well as in systems engineering. Since 2007, he has been working as a Business Strategy and Development Consultant, and is currently based in Shanghai.

Dominique LUZEAUX

Dominique Luzeaux is a graduate from the Ecole polytechnique (1987) and the Ecole nationale supérieure des techniques avancées (1989). After graduating with a PhD from Paris XI University in 1991, he was a research fellow at Berkeley University till 1992. Hired by the DGA, he has taken on various technical responsibilities in the fields of robotics, optoelectronics and observation systems. From 2002 to 2004, he was the director of Simulation-Based Acquisition at the DGA, where he notably oversaw the R&T (Research & Technology) programs in system engineering. From 2005 to 2007, he was director of the IT production center. From 2008 to 2009, he was deputy director of the C4ISR programs. Since April 2009, he has held the position of director of Land Systems acquisition. Moreover, accredited to supervise research since 2001, he has overseen a dozen doctoral theses and published more than 60 articles in conferences and international reviews. He teaches robotics at the ENSTA, systems of systems engineering at the ENSIETA and the ISAE, and is also a speaker in mathematics and computer sciences theory at the University of Montpellier II. Laureate of the prize of Ingénieur général Chanson in 2006 for his works in the field of military terrestrial autonomous robotics, he co-wrote A la conquête du nanomonde : nanotechnologies et microsystèmes with Thierry Puig, published by the Editions du Félin in March of 2007.

Jean-Pierre MEINADIER

Jean-Pierre Meinadier is an engineer of l’Ecole centrale, an honorary teacher at the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, and a scientific consultant at the AFIS. He first developed his career in the field of IT systems engineering and integration at the CEA from 1963 to 1974, where he created real-time systems activity. He then created and directed, from 1975 to 1986, the head office of GIXI, a systems engineering company of the CEA-CISI group. Consultant from 1987 and later professor, he founded the chair of systems integration at the CNAM in 1990. He has penned several works in the field of systems architecture and engineering. He has taught computer architecture, and later systems engineering, in several engineering schools.

Patrice MICOUIN

Senior consultant in the field of systems engineering, Patrice Micouin works with enterprises such as DCNS, Airbus, Eurocopter and the CNES. In 2006, he held a doctorate dissertation at the Ecole nationale supérieure des arts et métiers (ENSAM) on the definition and implementation of system engineering processes in the automotive sector. He teaches a class on system engineering at the ENSAM, gives speeches at l’Ecole centrale Paris, and supervises, in the LSIS laboratory (UMR CNRS 6168), research centered on requirements engineering, system design and knowledge engineering.

Frédéric PRADEILLES

Graduate of l’Ecole Poly technique, and holder of a PhD in mathematics, Frédéric Pradeilles first taught mathematics at SUPAERO (now ISAE), before joining the DGA to take on various technical responsibilities in the fields of observation and intelligence, and the use of space in the gathering of intelligence. He has also been director of the research and technological programs in the field of complex system engineering, and has acted as a representative for the DGA at the System@tic Paris-Region Cluster. Today, he is Chief Technical Officer within CS Systèmes d’Information.

Jean-René RUAULT

After a DEA in experimental social psychology, Jean-René Ruault followed additional training in industrial informatics. He worked in various service firms for more than ten years, contributing to projects at various stages of the systems' life cycles. He joined the DGA in 2004, where he now works in systems engineering within the SdS pole. He co-chairs the working group on systems of systems within the AFIS. Moreover, he has published several articles in the field of systems of systems engineering and human-machine interactions. He was co-president of the Ergo'IA conference in 2006.

Danièle VÉRET

Danièle Véret a barrister at Paris Bar has a Master’s degree in public and private law, and a DEA in comparative law, “droit anglais et nord-américain des affaires” (British and North-American business law). She rapidly turned to IT laws, and later to the laws regulating new technologies. A lawyer within the legal department of an SSI, and later at ALAIN BENSOUSSAN AVOCATS, she takes care of counseling and litigation cases, out of court, in court (commercial, civil and administrative) and in arbitration (arbitrator at the Centre de médiation d’arbitrage de Paris-CMAP). Lecturer in IT law at the Université Paris XII-Créteil, and in regulations of industrial maintenance contracts and legal risk management at the Ecole des ingénieurs du Val de Loire (Blois) and the Ecole nationale des arts et métiers (Paris), she has also contributed to legal workgroups within Syntec Informatique, IFESI, AFSM, and AFNOR. She has contributed to a dozen books on legal risk management, IT maintenance and regulations, IT contracts, as well as articles on new technologies and industrial maintenance, notably on public markets, in numerous reviews.

Jean-Luc ZOLESIO

Jean-Luc Zolesio is the chief of research and innovation within THALES’s “Solutions de Sécurité et de Services” division. After a thesis in mathematics, he successively worked for IBM, ITT and THALES, all the while teaching, first at the University of Nice, then at the Ecole Centrale in Paris. He has been director of a department on exploratory research, technical director of ground and surface radar activity, and director of the THALES Think Tank, before taking on his current role. Moreover, he has been laureate of the “Grand Prix de L’Electronique Général Férrié” (1993). He is the author of more than 30 patents and has had many of his works published internationally.

Introduction¹

Today’s society is permeated with the notion of systems: electoral system, ticket booking system, air traffic control system, etc. Is this a simple linguistic convention? Or a revival of systemics, perceived by some as the revival of a structuralism which, while formerly praised to the skies, had been brutally disparaged? Or, perhaps, the need to clarify a certain number of concepts and their dispersal within our society, a process accelerated by the rapid spread of technologies?

This book follows this logic, and aims to be a multidisciplinary reflection on “systems of systems”, which are currently found in many fields: banks, army, transportation, etc. What should we see in this, beyond the simple repetitive use of the concept of “system”? What makes this new field worthy of theoretical and practical attention? Do we need new tools to manage those systems?

To try and offer an extensive review of the field, this book is separated into two parts:

– “Systems of Systems, Concepts and Practical Illustrations” (Part 1);

– “Systems of Systems Engineering, Methods, Standards and Tools” (Part 2).

Introduction to Part 1

After laying down the definition of a system (it should be noted that this definition includes the system’s components and their interfaces, as well as the processes of their respective life cycles, from design to disposal and dismantling, and therefore includes the products and services necessary for these processes) and defining what a system of systems is. Chapter 1 (“Systems of Systems: From Concept to Actual Development”, Dominique Luzeaux) will set out the ways of monitoring a system of systems design and, more generally, its life cycle, with particular emphasis on the need for an integrated approach on the level of the engineering process and the use of simulation during the entire life cycle. It will also address the need to adjust the usual balance between general contracting and project management and their contractual relationships, in a context where the purchase of systems must be done in an incremental manner, in time, and in constant co-evolution. Examples will be taken from experiences in the field of armament concerning the management of complex defense systems and program management.

Chapter 2 (“Emergence and Complexity of Systems of Systems”, Patrice Micouin) will shed further light on that issue, first establishing a dichotomy between natural systems and artificial or technological systems, then including systems of systems within the family of technological systems. However, systems of systems distinguish themselves from individual technological systems by their specific formation mode, essentially linked to an initiative of voluntary association for the achievement of multiplied capability. The notions of interface, interoperability and engineering thus take on, if not a new meaning, an increased importance in this effort to control the increasing complication, or even complexity, of artificial systems.

The following two chapters will look at two complementary aspects which are essential for systems of systems. Chapter 3 (“Contractual Aspects of the Acquisition and Use of Systems of Systems”, Danièle Véret) deals with the legal aspects of the contracting stage, paying special attention to the transfer of ownership and intellectual property rights. It helps place the initial issue back within a context larger than the simple technical context, the one addressing economical aspects, and therefore requiring a legal framework. Chapter 4 (“The Human Factor within the Context of Systems of Systems”, Jean-René Ruault) will look at the decision making process in a system of systems from a more sociological standpoint, taking the organizational and cultural aspects into account.

The four following chapters will offer concrete illustrations of systems of systems. Chapter 5 (“The Space Communication and Observation System of Systems”, Frédéric Pradeilles and Dominique Luzeaux) addresses the spatial field; Chapter 6 (“Intelligent Transport Systems”, Michel Chavret) addresses the transportation field; Chapter 7 (“Systems of Systems in the Healthcare Field”, Jean-René Ruault) addresses the healthcare field; and Chapter 8 (“Critical Infrastructure Protection”, Jean-Luc Zolesio) addresses the field of crisis management with large human involvement (firefighters, ER, NGO, police, etc.) including the case of international mobilization (tsunami).

Chapter 9 (“Globalization and Systemic Impacts”, Dominique Luzeaux, Jean-René Ruault and Lui Kam) follows this reflection and addresses two topics: on the one hand it shows how globalization can be modeled as a system of systems and how some phenomena benefit from such a model, in terms of interpretation. On the other hand, it broaches the possibility of entering new markets in emerging countries, in which we must control the risks linked to a misconception of the market, the potential users, the regulations and the culture, as well as new competition which requires us to keep the upper hand, to offer more complete and integrated products and services or to get those products and services on the market faster and with cheaper prices.

Introduction to part 2

Three chapters will provide the key to understanding all the technical aspects of systems of systems. Chapter 10 (“Methods and Tools for Systems of Systems Engineering”, Dominique Luzeaux) lays down the issue of collaborative working environments and specific engineering tools. It underlines the importance of models in every aspect of engineering work, in particular in the first stages of concept analysis and during the definition of architectures. Chapter 11 (“Model-driven Design and Simulation”, Lui Kam) follows on that work and studies software engineering techniques such as MDE (model-driven engineering, with its model transformation) and complex systems simulation. It shows how these techniques can help find tangible answers to the problems of interoperability, reuse and capitalization, three major aspects which need to be managed when working with a system of systems. Chapter 12 (“Standardization in the Field of Systems and Systems of Systems Engineering”, Jean-René Ruault and Jean-Pierre Meinadier) lists the key standards not only for systems engineering but also for the various data and models exchanged in the course of this engineering (15288, AP233, SysML).

Building on this triptych “theory-illustration-method”, this book, written by ten professionals with various specializations, offers multiple visions on a thriving subject.

1. Introduction written by Dominique UZEAUX and Jean-René RUAULT.

PART 1

Systems of Systems, Concepts and Practical Illustrations

Chapter 1

Systems of Systems: From Concept to Actual Development ¹

1.1. Network omnipresence creating a worldwide environment

The revolution brought on by the digital age, which had an impact as big as the industrial revolution, has deeply changed society. As a consequence of the spreading of information and communication technologies, businesses have grown under the influence of a new paradigm, created by the dematerialization of the economy and organizations, giving a new meaning to the notion of extended enterprise. Not only has the existing economical model evolved, but others have emerged, notably with the grouping of enterprises into networks of different sizes and with different integration modes to create value. This led to the development of business communities with an increasing outsourcing and therefore the transfer of direct control via asset ownership of parts of the traditional value chains in order to favor partnerships.

On a technical level, this cultural change goes hand in hand with the standardization of exchanges, and less centralized management techniques with contractual relationships between independent partners, rather than within proprietary organizations. Controlling these new virtual organizations, knowing how best to use the different resources provided via the networks (whether physical or not), is becoming a competitiveness factor in an ever changing world.

This new systemic context, moved by smaller and smaller time constants, requires a proportionally higher adaptability, hence the search for increased flexibility and agility in the agents. Let us briefly put into historical perspective the changes that happened during the last decades, in order to study how work methods, enterprises’ organization principles and technical tools have led to this context evolution.

The growing industrialization of product manufacturing during the 19th century has led, during the turning point of the 20th century, to the scientific organization of work extolled by Taylor, culminating in Fordism and the industrial production lines up to the 1970s. Vertical integration, which means total control of every link inside a company, from raw material to the final manufactured product, is the main principle of this industrial design. It is represented by a monolithic organization, supported by cascade processes which control the entire chain.

The use of computers has led to increased performances from the former organizations, via the automation of the links whose added value essentially lay in the maximum repetition of a simple activity. The organizational processes haven’t evolved, and sometimes have even been strengthened in their integrative vision, helped by tools such as ERP (electronic resource planning).

The introduction of individual work stations to replace big calculators (the famous mainframes) has brought a change of paradigm. It opened the way for decompartmentalization of the enterprise, the spreading of models based on transaction and coordination, thus putting into question the monolithic vision based on the neo-Taylorist accumulation of material assets, instead favoring the coproduction and collective accumulation of digital assets. The services generation was born. The networks and the client server, then the distributed systems, rapidly evolved technically, enabling digital transactions and remote information management, which moved the value chain from the creation and ownership of data to the mediation of data. The technical evolutions in recent years have further confirmed this paradigmatic transition: “information society”, “digital divide”, concepts which have been systematically referred to for more than a decade, and underline the central spot taken by the ability to provide and access digital data.

Beyond the simple evolution from products to services, those technical progresses have a direct influence on the agents’ organization: this evolution requires important investments, and their global optimization can only happen if a group of agents can share some of the expenses and look for productivity gains on the global value chain, via the creation of a partnership. Mediation and negotiation are thus becoming key-concepts in this new deal. For example, with its online Marketplace, Amazon provides millions of associates with the opportunity to use its payment and distribution infrastructure, thus allowing them to create their own specialty stores while benefiting from Amazon’s delivery services and its global network of clients, whom they could never reach otherwise. Likewise, those niches help Amazon’s offer grow, since the consumer is more concerned with finding what cannot be found at the cheapest price, instead of knowing who is selling or shipping it to him.

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