Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter 1. Evolution of Cellular Mobile Systems

1.1. Multiple-access techniques used in mobile telephony

1.2. Evolution from 1G to 2.5G

1.3. 3G systems in IMT-2000 framework

1.4. Standardization process in 3G systems

1.5. Worldwide spectrum allocation for IMT-2000 syst

Chapter 2. Network Evolution from GSM to UMTS

2.1. Introduction

2.2. UMTS definition and history

2.3. Overall description of a UMTS network architecture

2.4. Network architecture evolution from GSM to UMTS

2.5. Bearer services offered by UMTS networks

2.6. UMTS protocol architecture based on “stratum” concept

Chapter 3. Services in UMTS

3.1. Introduction

3.2. UMTS mobile terminals

3.3. Services offered by UMTS networks

3.4. Traffic classes of UMTS bearer services

3.5. Service continuity across GSM and UMTS networks

Chapter 4. UMTS Core Network

4.1. Introduction

4.2. UMTS core network architecture

4.3. Network elements and protocols of the CS and PS domains

4.4. Network elements not included in UMTS reference architecture

4.5. Interoperability between UMTS and GSM core networks

Chapter 5. Spread Spectrum and WCDMA

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Spread spectrum principles

5.3. Direct sequence CDMA

5.4. Multiple access based on spread spectrum

5.5. Maximum capacity of CDMA

5.6. Spreading code sequences

5.7. Principles of wideband code division multiple access

Chapter 6. UTRAN Access Network

6.1. Introduction

6.2. UTRAN architecture

6.3. General model of protocols used in UTRAN interfaces

6.4. Use of ATM in the UTRAN network transport layer

6.5. Protocols in the Iu interface

6.6. Protocols in internal UTRAN interfaces

6.7. Data exchange in the UTRAN: example of call establishment

6.8. Summary of the UTRAN protocol stack

Chapter 7. UTRA Radio Protocols

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Channel typology and description

7.3. Physical layer

7.4. MAC

7.5. RLC

7.6. PDCP

7.7. BMC

7.8. RRC

Chapter 8. Call and Mobility Management

8.1. Introduction

8.2. PLMN selection

8.3. Principle of mobility management in UMTS

8.4. Network access control

8.5. Network registration

8.6. UE location updating procedures

8.7. Call establishment

8.8. Intersystem change and handover between GSM and UMTS networks

Chapter 9. UTRA/FDD Transmission Chain

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Operations applied to transport channels

9.3. Operations applied to physical channels

9.4. Spreading and modulation of dedicated physical channels

9.5. Spreading and modulation of common physical channels

Chapter 10. UTRA/FDD Physical Layer Procedures

10.1. Introduction

10.2. The UE receptor

10.3. Synchronization procedure

10.4. Random access transmission with the RACH

10.5. Random access transmission with the CPCH

10.6. Paging decoding procedure

10.7. Power control procedures

10.8. Transmit diversity procedures

Chapter 11. Measurements and Procedures of the UE in RRC Modes

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Measurements performed by the physical layer

11.3. Cell selection process

11.4. Cell reselection process

11.5. Handover procedures

11.6. Measurements in idle and connected RRC modes

Chapter 12. UTRA/TDD Mode

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Technical aspects of UTRA/TDD

12.3. Transport and physical channels in UTRA/TDD

12.4. Service multiplexing and channel coding

12.5. Physical layer procedures in UTRA/TDD

12.6. UTRA/TDD receiver

Chapter 13. UMTS Network Evolution

13.1. Introduction

13.2. UMTS core network based on Release 4

13.3. UMTS core network based on Release 5

13.4. Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS)

13.5. UMTS-WLAN interworking

13.6. UMTS evolution beyond Release 7

Chapter 14. Principles of HSDPA

14.1. HSDPA physical layer

14.2. Adaptive modulation and coding

14.3. Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (H-ARQ)

14.4. H-ARQ process example

14.5. Fast scheduling

14.6. New architecture requirements for supporting HSDPA

14.7. Future enhancements for HSDPA

Appendix 1. AMR Codec in UMTS

A1.1. AMR frame structure and operating mode

A1.2. Dynamic AMR mode adaptation

A1.3. Resource allocation for an AMR speech connection

A1.4. AMR wideband

Appendix 2. Questions and Answers

Bibliography

Glossary

Index

Part of this book adapted from the 2nd edition of “UMTS” published in France by Hermès

Science/Lavoisier in 2004

First Published in Great Britain and the United States in 2007 by ISTE Ltd

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd | JISTE USA
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© ISTE Ltd, 2007

© LAVOISER, 2004

The rights of Javier Sanchez and Mamadou Thioune to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sanchez, Javier.

UMTS/Javier Sanchez, Mamadou Thioune.

   p. cm.

ISBN-13: 978-1-905209-71-2

ISBN-10: 1-905209-71-1

1. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. I. Thioune, Mamadou. II. Title. III. Title: Universal mobile telecommunications system.

TK5103.4883.S36 2006

621.3845'6--dc22

2006035535

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 10: 1-905209-71-1

ISBN 13: 978-1-905209-71-2

Preface

During the first decade of this millennium, more than €100 billion will be invested in third generation (3G) Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) in Europe. This fact represents an amazing challenge from both a technical and commercial perspective. In the evolution path of GSM/GPRS standards, the UMTS proposes enhanced and new services including high-speed Internet access, video-telephony, and multimedia applications such as streaming.

Based on the latest updates of 3GPP specifications, this book investigates the differences of a GSM/GPRS network compared with a UMTS network as well as the technical aspects that ensure their interoperability. Students, professors and engineers will find in this book a clear and concise picture of key ideas behind the complexity of UMTS networks. This can also be used as a starter before exploring in more depth the labyrinth of 3GPP specifications which remain, however, the main technical reference.

Written by experts in their respective fields, this book gives detailed description of the elements in the UMTS network architecture: the User Equipment (UE), the UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN) and the core network. Completely new protocols based on the needs of the new Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) air interface are given particular attention by considering both Frequency- and Time-Division Duplex modes. Later on, the book further introduces the key features of existing topics in Releases 5, 6 and 7 such as High Speed Downlink/Uplink Packet Access (HSDPA/HSUPA), IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), WLAN interconnection and Multicast/ Broadcast Multimedia Services (MBMS).

We would like to offer our heartfelt thanks to all our work colleagues for their helpful comments.

Some of the figures and tables reproduced in this book are the result of technical specifications defined by the 3GPP partnership (http://www.3gpp.org/3G_Specs/3G_Specs.htm). The specifications are by nature not fixed and are susceptible to modifications during their transposition in regional standardization organizations which make up the membership of the 3GPP partnership. Because of this, and as a result of the translation and/or adaptation of these points by the authors, these organizations cannot be considered responsible for the figures and tables reproduced in this book.

Chapter 1

Evolution of Cellular Mobile Systems

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the milestones in the evolution of cellular mobile systems. Particular attention is paid to the third generation (3G) systems to which the UMTS belong.

The performance of mobile cellular systems is often discussed with respect to the radio access technology they support, thus neglecting other important aspects. However, a cellular mobile communication system is much more than a simple radio access method, as illustrated in Figure 1.1. The mobile terminal is the vector enabling a user to access the mobile services he subscribed to throughout the radio channel. The core network is in charge of handling mobile-terminated and mobileoriginated calls within the mobile network and enables communication with external networks, both fixed and mobile. Billing and roaming functions are also located in the core network. The transfer of users’ data from the terminal to the core network is the role of the radio access network. Implementing appropriate functions gives to the core network and to the terminal the impression of communicating in a wired link. One or several radio access technologies are implemented in both the radio access network and the mobile terminal to enable wireless radio communication.

Figure 1.1 Basic components of a mobile communications network

1.1. Multiple-access techniques used in mobile telephony

Surveying the different multiple-access techniques is equivalent to describing the key milestones in the evolution of modern mobile communication systems. In the past, not all users of the radio spectrum recognized the need for the efficient use of the spectrum. The spectrum auctions for UMTS licenses have emphasized the fact that the radio spectrum is a valuable resource. Thus, the major challenge of multiple-access techniques is to provide efficient allocation of such a spectrum to the largest number of subscribers, while offering higher data rates, increased service quality and coverage.

1.1.1. Frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD)

Conventional mobile communication systems use duplexing techniques to separate uplink and downlink transmissions between the terminal and the base station. Frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD) are among the transmission modes which are the most commonly employed. The main difference between the two modes, as shown in Figure 1.2, is that FDD uses two separate carrier bands for continuous duplex transmission, whereas in TDD duplex transmission is carried in alternate time slots in the same frequency channel. In order to minimize mutual interference in FDD systems, a guard frequency is required between the uplink and downlink allocated frequencies (usually 5% of the carrier frequency). On the other hand, a guard period in TDD systems is required in order to reduce mutual interference between the links. Its length is decided from the longest round-trip delay in a cellular system (in the order of 20-50μs).

Figure 1.2. Duplexing modes used in modern mobile communications systems

1.1.2. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

FDMA is the access technology used for first generation analog mobile systems such as the American standard AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service). Within an FDMA system, each subscriber is assigned a specific frequency channel as illustrated in Figure 1.3a. No one else in the same cell or in a neighboring cell can use the frequency channel while it is allocated to a user - when an FDMA terminal establishes a call, it reserves the frequency channel for the entire duration of the call. This fact makes FDMA systems the least efficient cellular systems since each physical channel can only be used by one user at a time. Far from having disappeared, the FDMA principle is part most of modern digital mobile communication systems where it is used as a complement to other radio multiplexing schemes.

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