CONTENTS

Introduction

Chapter 1: Sustainability and Energy

Quality of Life Benefits

Finite Fossil Fuel Resources

Greenhouse Gases

Profits and Savings from Energy Efficiency

Site-to-Source Effect

New LEED Version 2009

Per Capita Energy Consumption

Building Energy End-Use Splits, People Use Energy

Carbon Footprint

Funding Opportunities

Chapter 2: Radiant Cooling

History

Introduction

Why Radiant Cooling?

Applications

Radiant Cooling and Historic Preservation

Chapter 3: Displacement Ventilation

History

Introduction

Conventional or Mixed-Air Systems

Difference Between Displacement and Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD)

Applications

Large Public Spaces (Cafeterias, Dining Halls, Exhibit Spaces)

Chapter 4: Chilled Beams

Principle of Operation and Technology

Benefits of Chilled Beams

Types of Chilled Beams

Chilled Beam Applications

Chilled Beam Use with Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) Applications

Chapter 5: Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD)

Validation of UFAD Designs with CFD Analysis

Impact on Buildings

Chapter 6: Displacement Induction Units (DIU)

Benefits of Displacement Induction Units

History of Induction Units

Applications

Chapter 7: High-Performance Envelope

Engaging and Nonengaging Envelopes

High-Performance Envelope Definition

Most Common Energy Codes: ANSI and ASHRAE 90.1

Glazing Characteristics

How to Exceed the Mandatory Code Performance

Chapter 8: Thermal Energy Storage

Renewable Energy Storage

Conventional Air Conditioning Systems

Nonrenewable Energy Storage

Chapter 9: Solar Energy and Net-Zero Buildings

Net-Zero Step 1: Harvesting Solar Energy

Solar Energy in Net-Zero Buildings

Net-Zero Step 2: Improve Energy Efficiency of the Building and Its Mechanical and Electrical Systems

Net-Zero Step 3: Reduce Consumption

Chapter 10: Geothermal Systems

Introduction

Geothermal Heat Pumps

Types of Heat Pumps

Chapter 11: Cogeneration

Other Applications of Cogeneration

Cogeneration Technologies

Micro-Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (Micro-CHP)

Chapter 12: Data Center Sustainability

History of Data Centers

2011: Top Ten Trends in Data Centers

Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE)

Technologies That Can Benefit Data Center Efficiency

Office Building Applications

Air Management in the Data Center

Index

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Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Syed, Asif.

Advanced building technologies for sustainability / Asif Syed.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-470-54603-1 (cloth); 978-1-118-24121-9 (ebk); 978-1-118-24127-1 (ebk); 978-1-118-25973-3 (ebk); 978-1-118-25980-1 (ebk); 978-1-118-26019-7 (ebk)

1. Sustainable buildings. 2. Sustainable design. 3. Building—Technological innovations. I. Title.

TH880.S94 2012

720’.47—dc23

2011036328

This book is dedicated to my father, S. A. Sattar.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thank you to my family, Miraj, Azhad, and Rabia for your understanding, support, and patience.

Thank you to my mentors and supporters, M. M. Mohiuddin, Erv Bales, Thomas Gilligo, Marc Lorusso, Peter Flack, Norman Kurtz, Alan Zlotkowski, Lenny Koven, and Paul Bello.

Thank you to my editors, Kathryn M. Bourgoine, Doug Salvemini, and Danielle Giordano.

INTRODUCTION

IT HAS BEEN A HUMBLING EXPERIENCE for me to be part of several high-profile projects in the United States and internationally. Most of these projects had some form of a different approach than conventional systems and almost all of them involved integration between different disciplines of the building design. After completing the projects, some of which were very high profile and received a lot of media publicity, I was approached by building industry professional organizations to speak about the projects. When I did so, it came as a big surprise to me that most people in the industry were not familiar with the new and advanced technologies available. Most people who attended these simple lectures were very curious. The most common question was how they could implement these technologies in their projects. Though most of the technologies were basic, they were different from the conventional industry standards. I saw a great desire in all sectors of the building industry to learn these new and advanced approaches and technologies and implement them in their projects. The problem I saw was that different sectors of the building industry required different levels of information or details about these technologies. It was important for architects to integrate these new and advanced technologies into buildings. The contractors were interested in the availability of materials and products, and in how much they cost, compared to the conventional approach. The owners, building developers, and users wanted to make sure the technologies worked and that the associated costs were justified. A common question: Was the pay back sufficient to offset the savings in energy? The engineers were concerned about the liabilities of trying out new systems and were curious about how to perform the calculations, which they had not been taught, and which were not available in most books or software. To a great degree, I saw that most of the building professionals acknowledged the benefits.

The challenge and opportunity I faced was to write a book that would be beneficial to all sectors of the building industry. The information it contained must not overwhelm any one sector or be too little for another who wants to implement these technologies in their projects. I have tried my best to reach an optimum balance of information, neither too much nor too little. Drawing on my thirty years of experience of working with contractors, construction managers, project managers, owners, architects, end users, and equipment vendors, I have tried to do my best to balance out the information. The other challenge I had was to get this information out as soon as possible. With the ever-increasing demand for sustainability and energy efficiency, time was not there. Almost all projects have some form of sustainability element such as LEED certification, energy use reduction, high-efficiency products, high-performance buildings, and so forth. AIA’s adoption of the 2030 goal to make building carbon neutral by 2030 demonstrates the urgency for the need of this information.

Here’s how it all started: There was—and now is, more than ever—a need in the building industry to reduce energy consumption. This need is driven by several factors, such as sustainability, reduction in operating costs, and the desire to obtain LEED certification. This situation drives the building industry to new challenges to beat the benchmark. The conventional systems in the building industry, especially in the HVAC sector, are so common that they have become the benchmark for measurement of energy, as established by several codes and standards. Any technology that exceeds the benchmark in reducing energy can be considered as advanced and improved. This standard, which establishes that the minimum performance for energy is ASHRAE 90.1, is used by most states in the United States, and by the United States Green Building Council for LEED certification of buildings, and internationally by several countries. Sustainable buildings aspire to reduce energy by 15 to 60 percent more than required by this benchmark. Fifteen percent better than Standard 90.1 is the minimalist approach, prescribed by the USGBC for LEED certification, and can be achieved with relative ease. Sixty percent better than Standard 90.1 is challenging, but can be achieved by incorporating some of the technologies in this book.

The usual systems are so entrenched in the conventional way of doing business that any change is difficult. The entire building industry—the users, architects, engineers, owners, contractors, product manufacturers, and so forth—is so used to working with conventional systems that a change throws them off and can cause difficulties for all. In order to eliminate these difficulties, a new approach—integrated design—is recommended. This new approach of integrated design is holistic and interconnected; it combines the synergies of all parties. It brings together all parties and stakeholders involved from the beginning of the project. This facilitates buy-in by all parties and eliminates surprises. The bigger challenge to new technologies or solutions is less in technical aspects than in the process, because of the technologies’ unknown nature. The unknowns, when discussed up front, will educate and inform all parties involved in the project and make the process easier for all concerned. This can significantly reduce the cost of building. Generally, there is an increase in the cost of anything that is new and not familiar, even if it is much simpler and/or uses fewer materials to build than the conventional method. An integrated approach is strongly recommended for projects where new technologies are to be implemented.

Over the last few years, there has been significant publicity, in the media of the building industry and in the general media, highlighting the need for sustainable and energy-efficient buildings—but a lot still has to be done. Buildings are essential to the life and work of all human beings and benefit us in enormous ways. The environmental impact of buildings has become a significant factor in their design and construction. As per data published by United States Environmental Protection Agency, buildings in the United States use about 40 percent of the total energy produced, consume 68 percent of the total electricity produced, and account for about 38 percent of carbon emissions. The environmental impact of buildings is significant, and any steps taken to reduce their energy and electricity consumption have the dual advantage of both environmental and economic benefits. Any energy or electricity not consumed is money not spent on fuel. Reduction in the operating costs from consuming less energy can only benefit the competitiveness of the business in the global market. This book gives examples of projects that have implemented the new technologies to reduce energy consumption and contribute to the sustainability goals of the buildings.

The sustainable technologies can be evaluated based on their own merits of return on investment and life-cycle costs. Most building systems have a long operating life. In older buildings, systems installed as far back as forty years are still operating. The new energy saving technologies will also have a similar life cycle. The long building life cycle leads to the high rate of return on investment. The payback on advanced technologies can vary from as low as two to as long as twenty years. A yearly cash flow analysis for the life cycle is the best way to demonstrate the rate of return on the investment. Most sustainable technologies support a rate of return due to their long-term use over fifteen to twenty years. Readers are encouraged to investigate these and understand the financial issues prior to working with the technologies. The financial return on investment analysis is the best tool to convince the critics of sustainability.

The technologies are constantly evolving with innovations in construction products and materials, lessons learned from operating, new system designs, and construction means and methods. The technologies in the book are not the end of the line toward sustainability, but only a beginning. Our experience and information gathered will make these systems better and more efficient. These technologies are the first ones to replace the conventional systems. As they get more widespread the costs will reduce and improvements will be made, making them more efficient.

CHAPTER 1

Sustainability and Energy

BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION IS A SIGNIFICANT PORTION of the total energy used worldwide. In the United States, buildings use about 40 percent of the total energy consumed and about 68 percent of the electricity produced. Buildings are responsible for 38 percent of carbon emissions.1 Buildings account for the highest carbon emissions, followed by transportation and industry. Buildings will continue to grow as the population of the world grows. The current world population according to the U.S. Census Bureau is 6.9 billion2, and is projected to grow from 6.1 billion in 2000 to 8.9 billion in 2015.3 The growth in population creates demand for new buildings: residential, educational, commercial (office and retail), health-care, and manufacturing. Growth of the buildings is going to happen, whether we like it or not. These new buildings will increase the demand for energy, increasing the cost of energy. Additionally, the growth of buildings will increase the global carbon emissions.

Figure 1-1 Building energy use according to the U.S. Department of Energy.

Buildings Energy Data Book

Economic development is essential to the social, political, and economic order of the world, and building construction is a big part of the economic development of all the world’s countries. With almost 9 million people employed in construction (per 2008 statistics), it is one of the largest industries. The wages of construction workers are relatively high. The construction industry also creates and promotes small business, as more than 68 percent of construction-related establishments consist of fewer than five people, and a large number of workers in construction are self-employed.4 Economic development and growth will continue to add new buildings. The new buildings present an opportunity to adopt new technologies and reduce the increase in demand for energy, thus containing the cost of energy. Slowing down the increase in energy consumption through advanced technologies also reduces carbon emissions, reducing the impact of development on the environment.

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!