Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Chapter 1: Making Buildings

Learning to Build

Sustainability

The Work of the Design Professional: Choosing Building Systems

Construction Standards and Information Resources

The Work of the Construction Professional: Constructing Buildings

Trends in the Delivery of Design and Construction Services

Recurring Concerns

Chapter 2: Foundations

Foundation Requirements

Foundation Settlement

Earth Materials

Excavation

Foundations

Underpinning

Retaining Walls

Waterproofing and Drainage

Basement Insulation

Shallow Frost-Protected Foundations

Backfilling

Up–Down Construction

Designing Foundations

Foundation Design and the Building Codes

Chapter 3: Wood

Trees

Lumber

Wood Products

Plastic Lumber

Wood Panel Products

Wood Chemical Treatments

Wood Fasteners

Manufactured Wood Components

Types of Wood Construction

Chapter 4: Heavy Timber Frame Construction

Fire-Resistive Heavy Timber Construction

Combustible Buildings Framed with Heavy Timber

Lateral Bracing of Heavy Timber Buildings

Building Services in Heavy Timber Buildings

Longer Spans in Heavy Timber

Heavy Timber and the Building Codes

Uniqueness of Heavy Timber Framing

Chapter 5: Wood Light Frame Construction

History

Platform Frame

Foundations for Light Frame Structures

Building the Frame

Variations on Wood Light Frame Construction

Wood Light Frame Construction and the Building Codes

Uniqueness of Wood Light Frame Construction

Chapter 6: Exterior Finishes for Wood Light Frame Construction

Protection from the Weather

Roofing

Windows and Doors

Siding

Exterior Construction

Sealing Exterior Joints

Exterior Painting, Finish Grading, and Landscaping

Chapter 7: Interior Finishes for Wood Light Frame Construction

Completing the Building Enclosure

Wall and Ceiling Finish

Millwork and Finish Carpentry

Flooring and Ceramic Tile Work

Finishing Touches

Chapter 8: Brick Masonry

History

Mortar

Brick Masonry

Masonry Wall Construction

Chapter 9: Stone and Concrete Masonry

Stone Masonry

Concrete Masonry

Other Types of Masonry Units

Masonry Wall Construction

Chapter 10: Masonry Wall Construction

Types of Masonry Walls

Spanning Systems for Masonry Bearing Wall Construction

Detailing Masonry Walls

Some Special Problems of Masonry Construction

Masonry and the Building Codes

Uniqueness of Masonry

Chapter 11: Steel Frame Construction

History

The Material Steel

Details of Steel Framing

The Construction Process

Fireproofing of Steel Framing

Longer Spans in Steel

Composite Columns

Industrialized Systems in Steel

Steel and the Building Codes

Uniqueness of Steel

Chapter 12: Light Gauge Steel Frame Construction

The Concept of Light Gauge Steel Construction

Framing Procedures

Other Common Uses of Light Gauge Steel Framing

Advantages and Disadvantages of Light Gauge Steel Framing

Light Gauge Steel Framing and the Building Codes

Finishes for Light Gauge Steel Framing

Chapter 13: Concrete Construction

History

Cement and Concrete

Making and Placing Concrete

Formwork

Reinforcing

Concrete Creep

Prestressing

Innovations in Concrete Construction

ACI 301

Chapter 14: Sitecast Concrete Framing Systems

Casting a Concrete Slab on Grade

Pouring and Finishing the Slab on Grade

Casting a Concrete Wall

Casting a Concrete Column

One-Way Floor and Roof Framing Systems

Two-Way Floor and Roof Framing Systems

Concrete Stairs

Sitecast Posttensioned Framing Systems

Selecting a Sitecast Concrete Framing System

Innovations in Sitecast Concrete Construction

Architectural Concrete

Longer Spans in Sitecast Concrete

Designing Economical Sitecast Concrete Buildings

Sitecast Concrete and the Building Codes

Uniqueness of Sitecast Concrete

Chapter 15: Precast Concrete Framing Systems

Precast, Prestressed Concrete Structural Elements

Assembly Concepts for Precast Concrete Buildings

Manufacture of Precast Concrete Structural Elements

Joining Precast Concrete Elements

The Construction Process

Precast Concrete and the Building Codes

Uniqueness of Precast Concrete

Chapter 16: Roofing

Low-Slope Roofs

Steep Roofs

Sustainable Roofing

Roofing and the Building Codes

Chapter 17: Glass and Glazing

History

The Material Glass

Glazing

Glass and Energy

Glass and the Building Codes

Chapter 18: Windows and Doors

Windows

Doors

Safety Considerations in Windows and Doors

Fenestration Testing and Standards

Chapter 19: Designing Exterior Wall Systems

Design Requirements for the Exterior Wall

Conceptual Approaches to Watertightness in the Exterior Wall

Sealant Joints in the Exterior Wall

Basic Concepts of Exterior Wall Systems

Curtain Wall Testing and Standards

Chapter 20: Cladding with Masonry and Concrete

Masonry Veneer Curtain Walls

Stone Curtain Walls

Precast Concrete Curtain Walls

Exterior Insulation and Finish System

Future Directions in Masonry and Stone Cladding

Chapter 21: Cladding with Metal and Glass

Aluminum Extrusions

Aluminum and Glass Framing Systems

Modes of Assembly

The Rainscreen Principle in Metal-and-Glass Cladding

Expansion Joints in Metal-and-Glass Walls

Sloped Glazing

Dual-Layered Glass Cladding

Curtain Wall Design and Construction: The Process

Chapter 22: Selecting Interior Finishes

Installation of Mechanical and Electrical Services

The Sequence of Interior Finishing Operations

Selecting Interior Finish Systems

Trends in Interior Finish Systems

Chapter 23: Interior Walls and Partitions

Types of Interior Walls

Framed Partition Systems

Masonry Partition Systems

Wall and Partition Facings

Chapter 24: Finish Ceilings and Floors

Finish Ceilings

Types of Ceilings

Finish Flooring

Types of Finish Flooring Materials

Flooring Thickness

Appendix

Glossary

Index

Frontispiece: World Trade Construction site, 2008.

Photo by Andrew Watts.

This book is printed on acid-free paper. infinte

Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Allen, Edward, 1938-

Fundamentals of building construction : materials and methods / Edward Allen, Joseph Iano. - 5th ed.

p. cm.

ISBN 978-0-470-07468-8 (cloth)

1.Building. 2.Building materials. I.Iano, Joseph. II.Title.

TH145.A417 2008

629-dc22

2008036198

Preface To The Fifth Edition

First published almost a quarter century ago, Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods, now in its fifth edition, has wrought a revolution in construction education. It has been instrumental in making a previously unpopular area of study not merely palatable but vibrant and well liked. It has taken a body of knowledge once characterized as antithetical to design excellence and has made it widely recognized as being centrally relevant to good building design. It has replaced dry, unattractive books with a well designed, readable volume that students value and keep as a reference work. It was the first book in its field to be even-handed in its coverage and profusely and effectively illustrated throughout. It was the first to release the teacher from the burden of explaining everything in the subject, thereby freeing class time for discussions, case studies, field trips, and other enrichments.

Gaining a useful knowledge of the materials and methods of building construction is crucial and a necessity for the student of architecture, engineering, or construction, but it can be a daunting task. The field is huge, diverse, and complex, and it changes at such a rate that it seems impossible to ever master. This book has gained its preeminent status as an academic text in this field because of its logical organization, outstanding illustrations, clear writing, pleasing page layouts, and distinctive philosophy:

It is integrative, presenting a single narrative that interweaves issues of building science, materials science, legal constraints, and building craft so that the reader does not have to refer to separate parts of the book to make the connections between these issues. Building techniques are presented as whole working systems rather than component parts.

It is selective rather than comprehensive. This makes it easy and pleasant for the reader to gain a basic working knowledge that can later be expanded, without piling on so many facts and figures that the reader becomes confused or frightened away from wanting to learn about construction. Reading other texts was once like trying to drink from a fire hose; reading this one is like enjoying a carefully prepared meal.

It is empowering because it is structured around the process of designing and constructing buildings. The student of architecture will find that it features the design possibilities of the various materials and systems. Students interested in building or managing the construction process will find its organization around construction sequences to be invaluable.

The book is necessarily complex without being complicated. It avoids the dilemma of having to expand ad infinitum over time by presenting the basic construction systems, each in sufficient detail that the student is brought to an operational level of knowledge. It deals, as its subtitle indicates, with fundamentals.

We have made many changes in the book between the fourth and fifth editions. Chapter 1 includes new coverage of the role of the construction contractor in the process of making buildings. Included in this section are a discussion of different models and contractual arrangements for the delivery of construction services, the scheduling and management of construction, and evolving trends in the delivery of both design and construction services.

A new series of sidebars, Building Enclosure Essentials, is introduced. These treat topics critical to the performance of the building envelope, such as the flow of heat, air, and moisture through the exterior walls and roof.

Coverage of sustainable construction and green building rating systems has been updated and expanded, both within the body of the text and within the sidebars dedicated to considerations of sustainability for different materials which appear in almost every chapter.

The book tracks a number of trends that are discernable in the building industry: Sustainable design is becoming increasingly mainstream and growing in sophistication. New forms of contractual relationships between the owner, architect, and builder encourage more streamlined and cooperative design and building processes. The materials of construction themselves continue to evolve, with higher strength steel and concrete, high-performance glazing, waste reduction and materials recycling.

We continue to expand the book's use of photorealistic renderings. These figures play an important part in achieving the authors’ goal of making complex building details readily understandable, while also appealing to the eye.

We continue to take maximum advantage of the ever-expanding World Wide Web. The text's encyclopedic details, along with an array of additional resources for both students and teachers, are readily available via its dedicated web site (www.wiley.com/constructioneducation). A test bank, PowerPoint slide show, review questions, Instructor's Manual, and more can be found there. Coauthor Joseph Iano's personal web site (www.ianosbackfill.com) provides an outlet for additional content and up-to-date coverage of new developments in the field. The selected list of web site addresses included in the reference section at the end of each chapter provides links to the other most relevant resources available on the Web, providing starting points for students’ further explorations.

With this edition we have thoroughly updated references to contemporary building standards, codes, and practices, to ensure that the text remains the most current and accurate source of information on construction fundamentals available. Every chapter has been revised to reflect the latest versions of MasterFormat, the International Building Code, LEED, ANSI, and ASTM standards. Industry-specific standards, such as those from the American Concrete Institute (ACI), American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), and American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA), to name just a few, have been thoroughly updated in the appropriate sections of the text as well.

The updated and expanded companion Exercises in Building Construction and its answer key continue to provide a unique and invaluable tool for helping students to understand the real-world application of building construction knowledge to the design and construction of buildings.

Despite the extensive scope of this latest revision, every change has been carefully reviewed by the authors and an independent board to be sure that the text remains up-to-date, accurate, and consistent with its original principles. In this way, as the book continues to change over time, the essential qualities that make it an educational success are preserved and strengthened.

The authors’ special thanks go to the talented Lon R. Grohs, producer of the text's stunning photorealistic illustrations, and in this latest edition, of the cover art as well. We are also grateful to the many photographers and organizations who have furnished new information and illustrations.

The people of John Wiley 8 Sons, Inc. continue, as always, to demonstrate great professionalism. Amanda L. Miller, Vice President and Publisher, has for many years been a source of wisdom and support. Paul Drougas, Editor, has been invaluable for his industry knowledge, patience, and sense of humor. He is a true friend. Lauren Olesky, Assistant Developmental Editor, was reliable and helpful through all stages of this revision. Donna Conte, Senior Production Editor, continues, as in previous revisions, to oversee the most difficult task of managing production and schedules with grace and perseverance.

We especially offer our thanks to the many teachers, students, and professionals who have purchased and used this work. Your satisfaction is our greatest reward, your loyalty is greatly appreciated, and your comments are always welcome!

Joseph Iano dedicates this Fifth Edition to Lesley, Allen, Paul, and Ethan.

E.A., South Natick, Massachusetts

J.I., Seattle, Washington

An ironworker connects a steel wide-flange beam to a column.

(Courtesy of Bethlehem Steel Company)

Chapter 1

Making Buildings

Learning to Build

Sustainability

The Building Life Cycle

Assessing Green Buildings

The Work of the Design Professional: Choosing Building Systems

Zoning Ordinances

Building Codes

Other Constraints

Construction Standards and Information Resources

Standards-Setting Agencies

Construction Trade and Professional Associations

MasterFormat

The Work of the Construction Professional: Constructing Buildings

Providing Construction Services

Construction Scheduling

Managing Construction

Trends in the Delivery of Design and Construction Services

Improving Collaboration Among Team Members

Improving Efficiency in Production

Improving Information Management

Recurring Concerns

We build because most human activities cannot take place outdoors. We need shelter from sun, wind, rain, and snow. We need dry, level platforms for our activities. Often we need to stack these platforms to multiply available space. On these platforms, and within our shelter, we need air that is warmer or cooler, more or less humid, than outdoors. We need less light by day, and more by night, than is offered by the natural world. We need services that provide energy, communications, and water and dispose of wastes. So, we gather materials and assemble them into the constructions we call buildings in an attempt to satisfy these needs.

Learning to Build

Throughout this book many alternative ways of building are described: different structural systems, different systems of enclosure, and different systems of interior finish. Each system has characteristics that distinguish it from the alternatives. Sometimes a system is distinguished chiefly by its visual qualities, as one might acknowledge in choosing one type of granite over another, one color of paint over another, or one tile pattern over another. However, visual distinctions can extend beyond surface qualities; a designer may prefer the massive appearance of a masonry bearing wall building to the slender look of an exposed steel frame on one project, yet would choose the steel for another building whose situation is different. Again, one may choose for purely functional reasons, as in selecting terrazzo flooring that is highly durable and resistant to water instead of more vulnerable carpet or wood in a restaurant kitchen. One could choose on purely technical grounds, as, for example, in electing to posttension a long concrete beam for greater stiffness rather than rely on conventional steel reinforcing. A designer is often forced into a particular choice by some of the legal constraints identified later in this chapter. A choice is often influenced by considerations of environmental sustainability. And frequently the selection is made on purely economic grounds. The economic criterion can mean any first cost is less; sometimes the entire life-cycle costs of competing systems are compared by means of formulas that include first cost, maintenance cost, energy consumption cost, the useful lifetime and replacement cost of the system, and interest rates on invested money; and, finally, a system may be chosen because there is keen competition among local suppliers and/or installers that keeps the cost of that system at the lowest possible level. This is often a reason to specify a very standard type of roofing material, for example, that can be furnished and installed by any of a number of companies, instead of a newer system that is theoretically better from a functional standpoint but can only be furnished by a single company that has the special equipment and skills required to install it.

One cannot gain all the knowledge needed to make such decisions from a textbook. It is incumbent upon the reader to go far beyond what can be presented here—to other books, to catalogs, to trade publications, to professional periodicals, and especially to the design office, the workshop, and the building site. There is no other way to gain much of the required information and experience than to get involved in the art and business of building. One must learn how materials feel in the hand; how they look in a building; how they are manufactured, worked, and put in place; how they perform in service; how they deteriorate with time. One must become familiar with the people and organizations that produce buildings—the architects, engineers, materials suppliers, contractors, subcontractors, workers, inspectors, managers, and building owners—and learn to understand their respective methods, problems, and points of view. In the meantime, this long and hopefully enjoyable process of education in the materials and methods of building construction can begin with the information presented in this textbook.

Go into the field where you can see the machines and methods at work that make the modern buildings, or stay in construction direct and simple until you can work naturally into buildingdesign from the nature of construction.

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!

Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!